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Jonas Mekas (Lithuanian: [ˈjonɐs ˈmækɐs]; December 24, 1922 – January 23, 2019) was a Lithuanian-American filmmaker, poet, and artist who has been called "the godfather of American avant-garde cinema".[1] Mekas' work has been exhibited in museums and at festivals worldwide.[2]

Jonas Mekas
Mekas in 1971
Born(1922-12-24)December 24, 1922
Semeniškiai, Lithuania
DiedJanuary 23, 2019(2019-01-23) (aged 96)
New York City, U.S.
NationalityLithuanian-American
Alma materUniversity of Mainz
Occupation
  • Poet
  • filmmaker
  • artist
Years active1954–2019
MovementAvant-garde cinema
SpouseHollis Melton
Children2
AwardsLithuanian National Prize (1995)
Signature

Mekas was active in New York City, where he co-founded Anthology Film Archives, The Film-Makers’ Cooperative, and the journal Film Culture. He was also the first film critic for The Village Voice.[3]

In the 1960s, Mekas launched anti-censorship campaigns in defense of the LGBTQ-themed films of Jean Genet and Jack Smith, garnering support from cultural figures including Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Norman Mailer, Susan Sontag.

Mekas mentored and supported many prominent American artists and filmmakers, including Ken Jacobs, Peter Bogdanovich, Richard Foreman, John Waters, Barbara Rubin, Yoko Ono, and Martin Scorsese. He helped launch the writing careers of the critics Andrew Sarris, Amy Taubin, and J. Hoberman.

In a 2018 New York Review of Books article, postdoctoral researcher Michael Casper wrote about Mekas's contributions to two far-right, collaborationist newspapers under the Nazi occupation of Lithuania during World War II. Casper noted that Mekas’s publications in these newspapers were not anti-Semitic.[4]


Early life


Mekas was born in Semeniškiai, the son of Elzbieta (Jašinskaitė) and Povilas Mekas on December 24, 1922.[5][6] As a teenager, he attended the Biržai Gymnasium in Biržai, Lithuania.[7] From 1941 to 1942, living under Nazi occupation, he published poetry and cultural profiles in Naujosios Biržų žinios, founded by the far-right, anti-semitic[8] Lithuanian Activist Front.[9][10] From 1943 to 1944, his early poems and cultural essays appeared in Panevėžio apygardos balsas, a weekly local newspaper published by the fascist[11] Lithuanian Nationalist Party [lt].[12][13]

In 1944, Mekas left Lithuania with his brother, Adolfas Mekas. They attempted to reach neutral Switzerland by means of Vienna, with fabricated student papers arranged by their uncle.[14] Their train was stopped in Germany, and they were both imprisoned in a labor camp in Elmshorn, a suburb of Hamburg, for eight months. The brothers escaped and hid on a farm near the Danish border for two months until the end of the war. After the war, Mekas lived in displaced persons' camps in Wiesbaden and Kassel. From 1946 to 1948, he studied philosophy at the University of Mainz. By the end of 1949 his brother and he had both secured sponsorship through a job in Chicago and emigrated to the United States. When they arrived, the two decided to settle in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Two weeks after his arrival, he borrowed money to buy his first Bolex 16mm camera and began recording moments of his life.

He discovered avant-garde film at venues such as Amos Vogel's pioneering Cinema 16, and he began curating avant-garde film screenings at Gallery East on Avenue A and Houston Street and at the Film Forum series at Carl Fisher Auditorium on 57th Street.[15]


Career


In 1954, Mekas and his brother Adolfas founded the journal Film Culture, and in 1958 he began writing his "Movie Journal" column for The Village Voice. In 1962, he co-founded The Film-Makers' Cooperative, and in 1964 the Filmmakers' Cinematheque, which eventually became Anthology Film Archives, one of the world's largest and most important repositories of avant-garde film. Along with Lionel Rogosin, he was part of the New American Cinema movement. He was a close collaborator with artists such as Marie Menken,[16] Andy Warhol,[17] Nico, Allen Ginsberg, Yoko Ono, John Lennon,[18] Salvador Dalí, and fellow Lithuanian George Maciunas.

Mekas gave the film Heaven and Earth Magic its title in 1964/65.

In 1964, Mekas was arrested on obscenity charges for showing Flaming Creatures (1963) and Jean Genet's Un Chant d'Amour (1950). He launched a campaign against the censorship board, and for the next few years continued to exhibit films at the Filmmakers' Cinematheque, the Jewish Museum, and the Gallery of Modern Art. From 1964 to 1967, he organized the New American Cinema Expositions, which toured Europe and South America, and in 1966 joined the 80 Wooster Fluxhouse Coop.

Mekas in 1977
Mekas in 1977

In 1970, Anthology Film Archives opened on 425 Lafayette Street as a film museum, screening space, and library, with Mekas as its director. Mekas, along with Stan Brakhage, Ken Kelman, Peter Kubelka, James Broughton, and P. Adams Sitney, began the ambitious Essential Cinema project at Anthology Film Archives to establish a canon of important cinematic works. Mekas's legs appeared in John Lennon and Yoko Ono's experimental film Up Your Legs Forever (1971).[19]

As a filmmaker, Mekas' own output ranged from his early narrative film Guns of the Trees (1961) to "diary films" such as Walden (1969); Lost, Lost, Lost (1975), Reminiscences of a Journey to Lithuania (1972), Zefiro Torna (1992), and As I Was Moving Ahead Occasionally I Saw Brief Glimpses of Beauty (2000), which have been screened at festivals and museums around the world. Mekas' diary films offered a new perspective to the genre and portrayed the cinematic avant-garde scene of the 1960s.

Mekas expanded the scope of his practice with his later works of multi-monitor installations, sound immersion pieces and "frozen-film" prints. Together they offer a new experience of his classic films and a novel presentation of his more recent video work. His work has been exhibited at the 51st Venice Biennial, PS1 Contemporary Art Center, the Ludwig Museum, the Serpentine Gallery, the Jewish Museum, and the Jonas Mekas Visual Arts Center.

Mekas in 2011
Mekas in 2011

In 2007, Mekas released one film every day on his website, a project he entitled "The 365 Day Project."[20] The online diary is still ongoing on Jonas Mekas' official website. It was celebrated in 2015 with a show titled "The Internet Saga" which was curated by Francesco Urbano Ragazzi at Palazzo Foscari Contarini on the occasion of the 56th Venice Biennale of Visual Arts.

Beginning in the 1970s, Mekas taught film courses at the New School for Social Research, MIT, Cooper Union, and New York University.

Additionally, Mekas was a writer and published his poems and prose in Lithuanian, French, German, and English. His work has been translated into English by the Lithuanian-American poet Vyt Bakaitis in such collections as Daybooks: 1970-1972 (Portable Press at Yo-Yo Labs, 2003) and a bilingual anthology of modern Lithuanian verse, Gyvas atodūsis/Breathing Free, poems (Lietuvos, 2001). Mekas published many of his journals and diaries, including I Had Nowhere to Go: Diaries, 1944–1954 and Letters from Nowhere, as well as articles on film criticism, theory, and technique. In 2007, the Jonas Mekas Visual Arts Center was opened in Vilnius.

One of Mekas' last exhibitions, "Notes from Downtown," took place at James Fuentes Gallery on the Lower East Side in 2018.[21] Mekas's last work, Requiem, premiered posthumously at The Shed in New York City on November 1, 2019. The 84-minute video was commissioned by The Shed and Festspielhaus Baden-Baden. It screened in tandem with a performance of Verdi's Requiem, conducted by Teodor Currentzis and performed by the musicAeterna orchestra.[22]

In 2018, Ina Navazelskis, an oral historian at the National Institute for Holocaust Documentation, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum interviewed Mekas for their Jeff and Toby Herr Oral History Archive. There, he discussed his memories of World War II[23]

"Jonas Mekas: The Camera Was Always Running", the filmmaker's first retrospective in the United States, was organized by Guest Curator Kelly Taxter and on view at the Jewish Museum in the spring of 2022.

German filmmaker Peter Sempel has made three films about Mekas' works and life, Jonas in the Desert (1991), Jonas at the Ocean (2004), and Jonas in the Jungle (2013).


Personal life


Mekas married Hollis Melton in 1974. They had two children, a daughter, Oona, and a son, Sebastian.[24] His family is featured in Jonas's films, including Out-takes from the Life of a Happy Man and As I Was Moving Ahead Occasionally I Saw Brief Glimpses of Beauty.

Mekas died at his home in Brooklyn on January 23, 2019, at the age of 96.[25][26]

Mekas is the subject of a documentary, Fragments of Paradise, which premiered at the 2022 Venice Film Festival.[27] The film received the award for Best Documentary on Cinema at the Festival.[28]


Controversy over World War II activities


Mekas long maintained that, while working for local newspapers, he also clandestinely-transcribed BBC broadcasts in support of the underground. In 2018, an article in the New York Review of Books by historian Michael Casper challenged Mekas's versions of his wartime activities. Casper claims that Mekas participated "in an underground movement in Biržai that supported the 1941 Nazi invasion of Soviet Lithuania" and worked for "two ultranationalist and Nazi propaganda newspapers, until he fled Lithuania in 1944."[29]

At the time, art critic and historian Barry Schwabsky penned a letter to the editor criticizing Casper's essay. He and Casper had an exchange of letters in the New York Review of Books.[30]

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's website biography of Mekas maintains that he participated in both the anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi undergrounds.[31]

Following the 2022 exhibition at the Jewish Museum in New York, Casper published an article entitled "World War II Revisionism at the Jewish Museum" in Jewish Currents. There, he argued that the "art world at large remains deeply invested in the story of Mekas the anti-Nazi," thus perpetuating revisionism not only erasing his roles, but casting him as an anti-Nazi hero.[32]

In an article for the Jewish Telegraphic Agency on Casper's charges against the Jewish Museum, journalist Asaf Shalev also pointed out that a two different memos were circulated among the museum employees to dismiss Casper's article.[33] Kelly Taxter, the guest curator of the exhibit, responded to Casper's historical research by saying that "the tone of these emails is often aggressive." This was based on emails shared by the Mekas family, which Shalev also had access to, although Shalev wrote that "Nothing on there looked to me like Casper was bullying Mekas or that Mekas get bullied."[34]

Sovietologist Robert van Voren voiced criticisms of Casper's articles. Saulius Sužiedėlis argued, “The review format of the articles allowed Casper to present judgements without the burden of buttressing his allegations with relevant sources and requisite detail. The resulting narrative turns Jonas Mekas’s life as a young man into something that it was not.”[35][36][37] The film scholars J. Hoberman, B. Ruby Rich, have shown support for his findings.[38][39] In an article in Film Quarterly, B. Ruby Rich stated that, upon Casper's findings, "The wagons started circling immediately to protect a sacred figure of the avant-garde."[40]


Awards and honors



Filmography



See also



Notes


  1. Needham, Alex (January 23, 2019). "Jonas Mekas, titan of underground filmmaking, dies aged 96". The Guardian. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  2. "Interview: Jonas Mekas by Modestas Mankus". Our Culture Mag. Our Culture Mag. April 18, 2017.
  3. ""I'm Like the Last Leaf of A Big Tree": A Conversation with Jonas Mekas | Village Voice". September 21, 2017. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  4. Casper, Michael. "I Was There | Michael Casper". The New York Review of Books 2022. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  5. Mekas' passport shows December 23, 1922, the date sometimes listed as his "official" date of birth; however, he was actually born on December 24, 1922, as he confirms in this video interview Archived April 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. "Parodos - Maironio lietuvių literatūros muziejus". maironiomuziejus.lt.
  7. "Mekas, Jonas | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  8. Stasiulis, Stanislovas (February 2020). "The Holocaust in Lithuania: The Key Characteristics of Its History, and the Key Issues in Historiography and Cultural Memory". East European Politics and Societies and Cultures. 34 (1): 261–279. doi:10.1177/0888325419844820. S2CID 204480888.
  9. Tapinas, Laimonas (1997). Žurnalistikos Enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Pradai. p. 355.
  10. "Jonas Mekas". www.vle.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  11. Saulius, Sužiedėlis (2012). "Memories of Blood: Some Aspects of Lithuanian Responses to the Holocaust" (PDF). Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung. 21: 214–236.
  12. Tapinas, Laimonas (1997). Žurnalistikos Enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Pradas. p. 373.
  13. "Jonas Mekas". www.vle.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  14. Mekas, Jonas (2017). I had nowhere to go. Leipzig. ISBN 978-3-95905-146-0. OCLC 982432242.
  15. Brody, Richard (April 21, 2016). "Jonas Mekas, Champion of the "Poetic" Cinema". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  16. "Jonas Mekas, I find a kindred spirit in Marie Menken, Web of Stories". Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  17. "Jonas Mekas, Serpentine Gallery, London". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  18. "The private world of '60s legends". CNN Style. November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  19. Jonathan Cott (July 16, 2013). Days That I'll Remember: Spending Time With John Lennon & Yoko Ono. Omnibus Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-78323-048-8.
  20. Short Films Coming Soon to an iPod Near You, All Things Considered, November 5, 2006. Producer Ben Shapiro reports on a plan by filmmaker Jonas Mekas to make short films available as a podcast.
  21. Bloch, Mark (September 4, 2018). "Jonas Mekas: Notes from Downtown". The Brooklyn Rail.
  22. https://theshed.org/program/series/18-requiem
  23. "Oral history interview with Jonas Mekas - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  24. "Jonas Mekas Film and Videography". Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  25. "Jonas Mekas, avant-garde filmmaker and iconic New Yorker, dies at 96". BrooklynVegan.
  26. Weber, Bruce (January 23, 2019). "Jonas Mekas, 'Godfather' of American Avant-Garde Film, Is Dead at 96". The New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
  27. "Fragments of Paradise - Our Films - Kunhardt Films". www.kunhardtfilms.com. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  28. Roxborough, Scott (September 10, 2022). "Sackler Documentary 'All the Beauty and the Bloodshed' Wins Venice 2022 Golden Lion for Best Film". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
  29. Casper, Michael. "I Was There | Michael Casper". The New York Review of Books 2022. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
  30. Casper, Michael; Schwabsky, Barry. "On Jonas Mekas: An Exchange | Barry Schwabsky". The New York Review of Books 2022. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
  31. "Oral history interview with Jonas Mekas - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
  32. "World War II Revisionism at the Jewish Museum". Jewish Currents. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  33. "Historian accuses NY's Jewish Museum of sanitizing filmmaker's World War II record in new exhibit". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  34. Shalev, Asaf (May 12, 2022). "Personal account".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. "Portrait of a Poet as a Young Man: Jonas Mekas in War and Exile - Journal #129 September 2022 - e-flux". www.e-flux.com. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  36. Vyšniauskas, Karolis. "Ne tik pripažinti, bet prisipažinti. Apie Holokausto atmintį su Sauliumi Sužiedėliu | NARA". nara.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  37. "Forgotten evil? Jonas Mekas and the trauma of the Holocaust – opinion". lrt.lt. May 2, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  38. "J. Hoberman – Why I cannot review Jonas Mekas's Conversations with Film-Makers". Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  39. "A Deer in the Headlights". Film Quarterly. September 14, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  40. "A Deer in the Headlights". Film Quarterly. September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
  41. "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Jonas Mekas".
  42. "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 1879. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  43. "Scenes from the Life of a Happy Man... The Films of Jonas Mekas". Harvard Film Archive. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  44. "Requiem Film Screenings - the Shed".

References



Further reading





На других языках

[de] Jonas Mekas

Jonas Mekas (* 24. Dezember 1922 in Semeniškiai, jetzt Rajongemeinde Biržai, Litauen; † 23. Januar 2019 in New York City) war ein litauisch-amerikanischer Filmregisseur, Autor und Kurator. Er wurde oft „der Pate des amerikanischen Avantgardekinos“ genannt.
- [en] Jonas Mekas

[es] Jonas Mekas

Jonas Mekas (Semeniškiai, Lituania, 23 de diciembre de 1922-23 de enero de 2019)[1] fue un cineasta lituano, emigrado en 1949 y uno de los máximos exponentes del cine experimental estadounidense.

[ru] Мекас, Йонас

Йонас Мекас (лит. Jonas Mekas, 24 декабря 1922 — 23 января 2019[2]) — американский и литовский поэт и кинорежиссёр, один из лидеров «нового американского кино», «крёстный отец нью-йоркского киноавангарда»; лауреат Национальной премии Литвы в области литературы и искусства (1995).


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