fiction.wikisort.org - Screenwriter

Search / Calendar

Tina Howe (born November 21, 1937) is an American playwright. In a career that spans more than four decades, Howe's best-known works include Museum, The Art of Dining, Painting Churches, Coastal Disturbances, and Pride's Crossing.

Tina Howe
Howe in 2016
Born (1937-11-21) November 21, 1937 (age 84)
New York City, New York, U.S.
OccupationPlaywright
Period1970s -
GenrePlays

Her plays have won numerous awards, including the 1998 New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play for Pride's Crossing,[1][2] which was also a finalist for the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.[3] Coastal Disturbances was nominated for the 1987 Tony Award for Best Play.[2][4]


Early life


Howe comes from a literary family. Her grandfather, Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe, published over 50 books and won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1925.[5] Her father Quincy Howe wrote and broadcast the evening news on CBS Radio from 1942 to 1947, and then on ABC television. He was the author of the three-volume history, A World History of Our Own Times.[6] Her uncle, Mark DeWolfe Howe taught constitutional law at Harvard Law School and was Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s law clerk and biographer.[7] Her aunt, Helen Howe,[8] was a successful monologist and novelist.

Howe's family placed an emphasis on its members' reading and writing: "Thanksgivings and family occasions were always about, 'What are you reading, what are you writing, what are you working on, what poetry are you interested in?'"[9] When Howe was ill with hepatitis, her father visited her every day in the hospital, reading James Joyce's Ulysses to her during his lunch break.[9][10]

Howe graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, New York, in 1959. As an undergraduate, she wrote her first play, Closing Time, directed by her classmate, Jane Alexander, who also acted in it.[11]

After graduation, she and Alexander traveled to Europe; Alexander to act and study mathematics at the University of Edinburgh and Howe to study philosophy at Sorbonne University and write. When Howe saw Eugène Ionesco’s Le Cantatrice Chauve at the Théâtre de la Huchette, "It changed my life,” she said. “It was like a bolt of lightning going through my head.”[12]

Following her return from Europe, Howe did graduate work at Columbia University Teacher’s College and Chicago Teachers College.[13] She started teaching high school in Monona Grove, Wisconsin while her husband (teacher and writer Norman Levy) was doing graduate work[14] and then in Bath, Maine, which is where she says she learned her craft through running the school's drama department, a position she agreed to take if they would produce her plays.[15]


Career



Themes and style


Literary critic and novelist C. W. E. Bigsby wrote that "art is plainly a central point of reference" for Howe, noting those themes in Painting Churches and Coastal Disturbances, and added that "food and consumption" are also important themes in her work. In his book Contemporary American Playwrights, Bigsby wrote that she has a "commitment to experimentation" and quotes Howe as saying said that she is "firmly entrenched in the Absurdist tradition."[16] Frank Rich, in his New York Times review of Painting Churches commented that the play "is in the dreamiest impressionistic spirit."[17] The Variety reviewer of Painting Churches also noted that the play is a "group portrait painted in a soft, impressionistic style."[18]

The CurtainUp reviewer of Coastal Disturbances wrote of Howe's work: "Like all of Howe's work, the play's charm stems from its quirky characters. In this case joie de vie, despair, love, lust, anger and fear come and go like the waves hitting the shore in foamy bursts or gentle ripples."[19] Writing in the Sarah Lawrence Magazine, Celia McGerr Regan described Howe's authorial voice: "Howe developed a voice that has been variously described as farcical and absurd, impressionistic and airy, graceful and perceptive, lyric and literate, vivid and language-driven, whimsical and demented. Odd things happen in the face of the recognizable: Trees grow up inside and through a New York State farmhouse (One Shoe Off)..."[20]

Ben Brantley in reviewing Birth and After Birth for The New York Times, observed "The suggestion is of a natural world that thwarts and ultimately devours the ambitions and pretensions of the civilized. This is a theme that Ms. Howe would develop in later works, sometimes artfully (Coastal Disturbances), sometimes clumsily (One Shoe Off), but always in a style that was distinctively her own."[21]

Howe noted about her time in Paris: "The most profound thing that happened to me that year... was seeing The Bald Soprano by Ionesco. That exploded me all over the place." Ionesco, Beckett and Pirandello are still her heroes.[22]


Full length plays


Howe’s first full-length play to receive a professional production was The Nest, which premiered in the summer of 1969 at the Act IV Theater in Provincetown, Massachusetts. It was directed by Larry Arrick and the cast included Sally Kirkland and Richard Jordan among others. From Provincetown, the show was transferred Off-Broadway to New York's Mercury Theater, opening on April 9, 1970.[23]

Howe later recalled: "My first play, 'The Nest,' was about courtship and how women compete with each other to land a husband. That play closed [off-Broadway] in one night."[24] The play follows the trials of three young women competing for husbands at a dinner party, and during the course of the play, one of the women takes off her clothes and dives into a huge wedding cake, and is licked clean by one of the male guests. The Nest, Clive Barnes of The New York Times wrote in his review, “must be on any reasonable short list of the worst plays I have ever seen.”[25]

Her play Museum, with a cast of 55 characters, premiered at the Los Angeles Actors' Theatre on April 29, 1976,[26] and was then presented Off-Broadway by Joseph Papp at the Public Theater, opening in February 1978, in a production directed by Max Stafford-Clark. A cast of 18 actors played a total of 44 characters. The play takes place at a group art show of three contemporary artists, titled The Broken Silence. The Public Theater production featured Dianne Wiest, Kathryn Grody and Larry Bryggman.[27][28] A CurtainUp reviewer noted that Howe "explained in her author's note for the play's premiere at the Shakespeare Festival, her large cast of characters was created to provide directors and producers with endless staging possibilities."[29] In her note in the script (published by Samuel French), Howe wrote: "It is my hope that any group wanting to present Museum use the large cast size as a challenge and not as a restriction. The play was written to serve the versatility of actors."[27]

The play was revived Off-Broadway by the Keen Company in 2002, directed by Carl Forsman. In his Village Voice review, Michael Feingold wrote, “This is the most enchantingly tesserated play ever written….If Mozart had been a TV producer, this is what a 'Candid Camera' segment on art might have looked like.”[30]

The Art of Dining is set in an exclusive restaurant (and home) moving from the kitchen of the chef/owner, to the dining room, where her husband is the maitre d', to the individual tables of the characters, observing their action and interplay while waiting for and eating their meals. The play was first presented Off-Broadway by Joseph Papp at the Public Theater in December 1979, in a production directed by A. J. Antoon with a cast featuring Kathy Bates, Ron Rifkin and Dianne Wiest, who went on to win the 1980 Clarence Derwent Award and Obie Award.[31]

Howe herself won an Obie Award in 1983 for distinguished playwriting for her plays The Art of Dining, Museum and Painting Churches.[32] From New York, The Art of Dining moved to a run at the Kennedy Center.[33]

Howe's next play, Painting Churches, premiered on February 8, 1983 at Second Stage Theater, under the direction of Carole Rothman.[34] The cast included Marian Seldes, Frances Conroy and Donald Moffat. It transferred to the off-Broadway Lambs Theater where it ran from November 22, 1983 through May 20, 1984, playing 206 performances.[35] In this production Marian Seldes was joined by Elizabeth McGovern and George Martin. Painting Churches won several Outer Critics Circle Awards, including Best Off-Broadway Play, Best Actress (Marian Seldes) and the John Gassner Playwriting Award.[36] The play was also a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Drama.[37]

The play has been produced throughout the U.S. and internationally. In 1986, it was filmed for PBS's American Playhouse, directed by Jack O’Brien. That cast included Sada Thompson, Donald Moffat and Roxanne Hart. It was revived off-Broadway by the Keen Company in March 2012, directed by Carl Forsman, starring Kathleen Chalfant, John Cunningham, and Kate Turnbull.

In November 1986, Howe's next play, Coastal Disturbances premiered at Second Stage, under the direction of Carole Rothman. Set on a New England beach, the set held six tons of sand. Annette Bening and Tim Daly led the cast. The play was transferred to the Circle-in-the-Square Theater on Broadway in March, 1987. It was nominated for a Tony award for Best Play along with Carole Rothman for Best Direction and Annette Bening for Best Actress. Frank Rich of The New York Times hailed it as "Hilarious, erotic and intoxicating"; John Simon in New York magazine wrote, "Exhilarating and wonderful".

This was followed by Approaching Zanzibar, which shows the Blossom family traveling across the United States to visit Olivia, a sick relative. The play premiered at the Second Stage Theatre on April 8, 1989, directed by Carole Rothman, and starred Jane Alexander as Charlotte Blossom, Harris Yulin as her husband, Angela Goethals as her daughter and Bethel Leslie as her dying aunt.[38] The play was produced at the Southwark Playhouse, London in August 1997. The reviewer for The Independent wrote: "...a zany, expertly mimed sequence throws the tensions of cooped-up family car travel into rollicking relief when, in fantasy, the parents and children swap roles. But, like so much off-Broadway fare, the play insists on coating the pill of pain in the sickly sugar of false reassurance."[39]

One Shoe Off opened Off-Broadway in April 1993 in a Second Stage Theatre production at the Public Theater. The Variety reviewer described the play as "the dining-room play that dissolves in an emotive crossfire of accusation, revelation and reconciliation", "offbeat, sometimes ferociously funny" with an "over-the-top tone".[40]

Her play Pride’s Crossing, described by Playbill as a "family-inspired memory play" was produced Off-Broadway at Lincoln Center from December 7, 1997 to April 5, 1998[41] after an engagement at the Old Globe Theatre (San Diego) in 1997. The play was revived Off-Broadway in 2004.[41][42] She received the New York Drama Critic's Circle Award for Best Play in 1998 for this play.[41][42]

Rembrandt's Gift premiered at the Humana Festival at Actors Theatre of Louisville in 2002,[43] directed by John Rando and starring Penny Fuller and a revised version was produced by the Madison Repertory Theatre (Wisconsin) in September 2005.[44] The three person play focuses on an "unlikely, poignant and very funny visit by the great 17th-century Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn.[14][45]

Howe wrote English translations of Eugène Ionesco's The Bald Soprano and The Lesson, which were produced at the Atlantic Theater Company in September 2004.[46] The plays were directed by Carl Forsman and featured Jan Maxwell, John Ellison Conlee, Michael Countryman and Robert Stanton.[47]

The Atlantic Theater Company presented Birth and After Birth Off-Broadway at the Linda Gross Theater, opening in September 2006 in previews. Described by Playbill as "a play about parenting", the play was written in 1972; it was directed by Atlantic associate artistic director Christian Parker.[48] The play was first presented at the Wilma Theatre (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) in September 1995, after being rewritten and having readings, and a workshop at the California State University Summer Arts Festival. The reviewer of this production wrote: "The play bears the mark of a youthful playwright. Howe's brilliant mind is teeming with enough ideas to fill several plays, and her themes and style at times suggest an early fascination with older playwrights such as Ionesco and Albee."[49] Birth and After Birth is "a comedy... in which a self-centered, tantrum-throwing monster of a 4-year-old is played by a fully grown adult male."[50]

Chasing Manet opened Off-Broadway at Primary Stages in April 2009, starring Jane Alexander and Lynn Cohen. The play takes place in a nursing home, with the "rebellious painter" and a Jewish woman becoming friends and planning on escaping to go to Paris abord the QE2.[51] Jane Alexander is a friend of Howe's from Sarah Lawrence.[10]

Howe provided the text for the interdisciplinary work Cheri, conceived, directed and choreographed by Martha Clarke, which opened Off-Broadway in a Signature Theatre Company production at the Pershing Square Signature Center-Irene Diamond Stage on November 19, 2013 in previews.[52]

Her full-length play Singing Beach premiered Off-Broadway at HERE Arts Center on July 22, 2017 in previews in a limited engagement, produced by Theatre 167. Directed by Ari Laura Kreith, the cast featured Erin Beirnard, Devin Haqq, Jackson Demott Hill, John P. Keller, Tuck Milligan, Elodie Morss, and Naren Weiss. The play involves the effects that a Category 4 hurricane has on the Sleeper family and is concerned with climate change. [53]

Howe's plays have been produced in regional theatres in the United States, such as Louisville,[43] Los Angeles,[27] Stockbridge, Massachusetts,[19] Annapolis, Maryland [54] and San Diego,[42] as well as in London.[39] Her plays have premiered in venues such as the Humana Festival at Actors Theatre of Louisville (Rembrandt's Gift, 2002)[43] the Public Theater (The Art of Dining, 1979),[31] and the Second Stage Theatre (One Shoe Off, 1983).[40][55]


Awards and honors


She received a Rockefeller Grant (1984), two National Endowment for the Arts fellowships, a Guggenheim fellowship (1990), and an American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Literature (1993). Howe was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D) degree from Whittier College in 1997[56][57] and Honoris causa, Doctor of Letters from Bowdoin College (1998).[58][59][60]

She received the William Inge Theatre Festival Award in 2005.[61] In 2007 she received the Horton Foote Award, presented at the Baylor University Horton Foote American Playwrights Festival.[58]

In 2012, she received the 3rd Annual Lilly Award Lifetime Achievement Award. The Lilly Awards were created to "recognize the extraordinary contributions made by women to the American Theater."[62]

She was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame for 2017. At the ceremony in November 2017 at the Gershwin Theatre, she was introduced by her long-time friend Jane Alexander, who said "She has passion, wit and absurdity.... [her plays are an] operatic dive into the depths.... She writes as no one else does about women...”[63]


Other


She has taught master classes at New York University, UCLA, Columbia University and Carnegie Mellon.

She was a Visiting Professor of playwriting and Playwright in Residence at Hunter College in New York City, retiring in 2015. She was the head of the two year MFA playwriting program which began in 2010.[10][64][65][66] (Annie Baker has taken the position formerly held by Howe.[67])

She has been a member of the council of the Dramatists Guild of America since 1990.[60][68]

Several of her works can be read in the volumes Coastal Disturbances: Four Plays by Tina Howe and Approaching Zanzibar and Other Plays.[69]

Her papers are held by the Harvard Theatre Collection at Houghton Library.


Personal life


Howe was married to historian Norman Levy, who taught American History at the University at Albany from 1967 to 1973 and passed away in 2022.[60] The couple had two children.[22][9]

Howe said of Glenn Gould: "I write my plays to Glenn Gould. I cook the kids' spaghetti dinners to Glenn Gould. I pay the bills to Glenn Gould."[70]


Plays



Awards and nominations



References


  1. "'Pride's Crossing' Listing, 1997" lortel.org, accessed September 6, 2015
  2. "Painting Churches with One Shoe Off". Wheaton College. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  3. "Pulitzer Prize for Drama" Pulitzer.org, accessed September 5, 2015
  4. "Tina Howe Broadway (Awards)" Internet Broadway Database, accessed August 26, 2015
  5. "Barrett Wendell and His Letters, by M. A. Dewolfe Howe (Little)". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  6. Howe, Quincy (1949-01-01). A world history of our own times. 1, 1. New York: Simon & Schuster. OCLC 314506365.
  7. "Mark De Wolfe Howe Dies; Lawyer, Historian Was 60 | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  8. "Helen Howe, Satiric Monologist Who Became Writer, Dies at 70". The New York Times. 1975-02-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  9. Wood, Mike. "Brief biography of Tina Howe". The William Inge Center for the Arts. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  10. "Theater. Review and Interview. 'The Bald Soprano'" The Villager, September 22–28, 2004
  11. Richards, David; Richards, David (1996-03-27). "AT THE HEIGHTS OF ABSURDITY". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  12. Cohen, Patricia (2009-04-08). "Friend-and-Family Network of Inspirations for Tina Howe's 'Chasing Manet'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  13. Jackson R. Bryer, Mary C. Hartig (ed.), Tina Howe, Encyclopedia of American Drama, Infobase Learning, 2015, ISBN 1438140762 (no page number)
  14. Worland, Gayle. "Gift From The Heart Acclaimed Playwright Returns To Work With Madison Rep On 'Rembrandt's Gift'" madison.com, September 10, 2005
  15. "Howe, Tina - Dictionary definition of Howe, Tina | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  16. Bigsby, C.W.E., "Tina Howe", Contemporary American Playwrights, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0521668077, pp. 47, 50, 57
  17. Rich, Frank. "Theater: Bostonian Life In 'Painting Churches' ", New York Times, February 9, 1983, p.C16
  18. Stasio, Marilyn. "Review. 'Painting Churches' " Variety, March 6, 2012
  19. Sommer, Elyse. "A CurtainUp Berkshires Review. Coastal Disturbances" curtainup.com, July 14, 2006
  20. Regan, Celia McGerr. "Throwing Kisses, Throwing Pies" sarahlawrence.edu, accessed August 26, 2015
  21. Brantley, Ben. "The Art of Bringing Up Baby, With All Its Thrill and Terror" The New York Times, October 4, 2006
  22. Brenson, Michael. "Art Given A Role In Tina Howe's Play" The New York Times, February 18, 1983
  23. Vogel, Paula (2009-01-01). The American theatre reader: essays and conversations from American theatre magazine. New York: Theatre Communications Group. ISBN 9781559363464. OCLC 789409728.
  24. Lefkowitz, David. Tina Howe Taking Pride and Visiting 'Museum'" playbill.com, October 14, 1997
  25. Barnes, Clive (1970-04-10). "Theater". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  26. Howe, Tina (1979-01-01). Museum: A Play. Samuel French, Inc. ISBN 9780573612893.
  27. Howe, Tina. "Script", Museum: A Play, Samuel French, Inc., 1979, ISBN 0573612897, pp. 3-7
  28. "'Museum' Listing, 1978" lortel.org, accessed September 7, 2015
  29. Sommers, Elyse. "CurtainUp Review. 'Coastal Disturbances', 2006" curtainup.com, July 14, 2006
  30. Feingold, Michael (2002-06-11). "Rampant Exhibitionism". Village Voice. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  31. The Art of Dining Archived 2011-11-15 at the Wayback Machine lortel.org, accessed August 26, 2015
  32. OBIE Awards Presented" New York Times, May 24, 1983
  33. Lardner, James; Lardner, James (1979-12-21). "Curtain Up! Light the Stove! Eat!". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  34. Rich, Frank (1983-02-09). "THEATER: BOSTONIAN LIFE IN 'PAINTING CHURCHES'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  35. "Painting Churches – Lortel Archives". www.lortel.org. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  36. "AWARDS FOR 1983-1984". outercritics.org. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  37. "Finalist: Painting Churches, by Tina Howe". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  38. Howe, Tina. "Script" Approaching Zanzibar, Samuel French, Inc., 1989, ISBN 0573691282, p. 5
  39. Taylor, Paul. "Review: Theatre 'Approaching Zanzibar' Southwark Playhouse, London" The Independent, August 8, 1997
  40. Gerard, Jeremy. "Legit/Reviews/Review: ‘One Shoe Off’", Variety, April 16, 1993
  41. Pride's Crossing lortel.org, accessed August 26, 2015
  42. Jones, Kenneth. "Tina Howe's 'Pride's Crossing' Gets NYC Revival at T. Schreiber Studio, March 25-April 18" playbill.com, March 25, 2004
  43. Whaley, Charles. "A CurtainUp Feature The Humana Festival: 2002" curtainup.com, accessed August 26, 2015
  44. Jones, Kenneth. "Tina Howe's Gift and Andre De Shields in 'Our Town' Punctuate Madison Rep's Season" Playbill, June 10, 2005
  45. "'Rembrandt's Gift', 2002" actorstheatre.org, accessed September 9, 2015
  46. Gans, Andrew. "Atlantic Theater Company Postpones Howe's Ionesco Double-Bill" playbill.com, February 25, 2004
  47. "'The Bald Soprano' and 'The Lesson' Listing" lortel.org, accessed September 8, 2015
  48. Jones, Kenneth. "Tina Howe's 'Birth and After Birth' Gets NYC Premiere by Atlantic Theater Company" playbill.com, September 13, 2006
  49. White, Helena M. "Birth and After Birth (review)", Theatre Journal 48.2 (1996) 223-225 (abstract), September 17, 1995.
  50. Tallmer, Jerry. "After 34 years, ‘Birth and After Birth’ is born" downtownexpress.com, Volume 19, Issue 20, September 29 - October 5, 2006
  51. Hernandez, Ernio. "Jane Alexander and Lynn Cohen Begin Chasing Manet Off-Broadway March 24" playbill.com, March 24, 2009
  52. Hetrick, Adam. "Amy Irving Joins Cast of Signature Theatre Premiere of Martha Clarke's 'Chéri'" Playbill, 15, October 2013
  53. Gans, Andrew. "Tina Howe’s Singing Beach Makes World Premiere" Playbill, July 22, 2017
  54. Greenfield, Phil. "'Painting Churches' Warm, Honest Portrait Of A Family" Baltimore Sun, February 1, 1991
  55. "'One Shoe Off' 1993" lortel.org, accessed September 6, 2015
  56. Lefkowitz, David. "L.A.'s Whittier Honors Tina Howe With Doctorate and Show May 21-23" Playbill, May 4, 1997
  57. "Honorary Degrees Whittier" whittier.edu, accessed September 6, 2015
  58. Patton, Paige. "Baylor's Horton Foote Festival to Honor Award-Winning Playwright Tina Howe". Baylor University. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  59. "Bowdoin College, Commencement, 1988" library.bowdoin.edu, accessed September 6, 2015
  60. "4th Annual Burian Lecture, February 8, 2000" albany.edu, accessed September 6, 2015
  61. "Past Festivals by Year and Honoree" ingecenter.org, accessed August 26, 2015
  62. Gans, Andrew. "Estelle Parsons and Tina Howe Receive Lifetime Achievement Awards at 3rd Annual Lilly Awards June 4" Playbill, June 4, 2012
  63. Rawson, Christopher. "On the scene for the Theater Hall of Fame: Audra McDonald, Matthew Broderick and more" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 21, 2017
  64. Pandolfo, Nicole. "Tina Howe: Playwright, Mentor, Online Dating Advisor" americantheatre.org, May 22, 2015
  65. "Tina Howe/The New Hunter College MFA In Playwriting Program/Deadline: March 1" stagevoices.com, accessed September 6, 2015
  66. "Theatre Faculty and Staff" hunter.cuny.edu, accessed September 6, 2015
  67. Cox, Gordon. "Playwright Annie Baker On Life After The Pulitzer" Variety, May 14, 2015
  68. "Tina Howe Biography", American Theatre Wing, accessed June 20, 2012 Archived August 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  69. Tina Howe, Theatre Communications Group, accessed November 21, 2011
  70. Hafner, Katie, A Romance on Three Legs: Glenn Gould's Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Piano, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2010, ISBN 1608190455, pp. 222–223
  71. "East of the Sun and West of the Moon, Children’s Theatre Company, Minneapolis, 1994-95 season" playsforyoungaudiences.org, accessed August 26, 2015
  72. Chéri signaturetheatre.org, accessed September 7, 2015
  73. "Tina Howe Field of Study: Drama and Performance Art 1990" gf.org, accessed September 8, 2015
  74. "Awards" Archived 2010-09-11 at the Wayback Machine artsandletters.org, accessed September 8, 2015
  75. "Membership Profile Tina Howe" dramatistsguild.com, accessed September 8, 2015
  76. Carolyn Kellogg (May 13, 2015). "PEN announces award-winners and shortlists". LA Times. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  77. "2015 PEN Literary Award Winners". pen.org. Retrieved May 14, 2015.




Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2024
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии