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Božena Němcová (Czech pronunciation: [ˈboʒɛna ˈɲɛmtsovaː]) (4 February 1820^{[citation needed]} in Vienna – 21 January 1862 in Prague) was a Czech writer of the final phase of the Czech National Revival movement.

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Božena Němcová
Božena Němcová - engraving by Jan Vilímek
Born	Barbora Novotná (1820-02-04)4 February 1820 ? Vienna, Austrian Empire
Died	21 January 1862(1862-01-21) (aged 41) Prague, Austrian Empire
Resting place	Vyšehrad Cemetery
Occupation	Writer
Nationality	Czech
Literary movement	Czech National Revival
Notable works	Divá Bára Babička V zámku a v podzámčí Chyže pod horami
Spouse	Josef Němec ​ (m. 1837)​
Children	Hynek Němec Karel Němec Theodora Němcova Jaroslav Němec
Signature

Her image is featured on the 500 CZK denomination of the Česká koruna.

Biography

According to the dating up to now accepted by the majority of Czech authors, Božena Němcová was born in 1820 as Barbara Pankel (or Barbora Panklová according to the usual Czech name-giving for women) in Vienna as a daughter of Johann Pankel from Lower Austria and Teresie Novotná, a maid of Bohemian origin. In her childhood she lived near the small town of Ratibořice, where her grandmother Magdalena Novotná played an important part in her life. Němcová would later write her most famous novel with the main character inspired by her grandmother.

When she was 17 years old, she married Josef Němec, fifteen years her senior, who worked as a customs officer and was therefore a state employee. The marriage was arranged by Barbora's parents and became an unhappy one, as the married couple did not understand each other very well. Němec was said to be a rude and authoritarian man. He was a Bohemian patriot, which did not sit well with his superiors, and he was often transferred to different locations and later lost his job. The couple had four children and suffered from a lack of money. Němcová died in poverty, estranged from her husband. She is said to have been in an intimate relationship with the poet Václav Bolemír Nebeský.[1] The Bohemian patriots arranged a magnificent funeral for her.

Speculations on Božena Němcová's real origin

Some authors question the birthdate (the preserved documents differ) and the real origin of Božena Němcová. According to one hypothesis, Němcová could have been born three to four years earlier than previously thought, and been an illegitimate daughter of Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan (1781–1839). Helena Sobková, a writer of popular-history books about Němcová, believes that Němcová may actually have been the niece of Wilhelmine. In 1816 an illegitimate daughter was born to Wilhelmine's younger sister, Dorothée de Talleyrand-Périgord, and Count Karl Jan Clam-Martinic (1792–1840) in Bourbon-l'Archambault (a French spa). The child was not officially recognized by its mother; it was registered as Marie-Henriette Dessalles.[2] The child's further fate is unknown, and it is possible that Duchess Wilhelmine of Sagan later gave the girl to Němcová's parents to raise her as their own child under the name Barbora Panklová.

None of these speculations, however, have been definitely proven by serious historical research.

Bibliography

Novels

• Babička (The Grandmother) (1855) – Němcová's best-known novel about a young girl named Barunka (a pet form of Barbora) and her childhood with her grandmother in the countryside. The book was inspired by Němcová's own childhood in the village of Ratibořice, where she lived with her parents, siblings and maternal grandmother Magdalena Novotná.
• Pohorská vesnice (The village under mountains) (1855)

Fairy tales and legends

• Chýše pod horami
• O dvanácti měsíčkách
• Národní báchorky a pověsti (National Stories and Legends)
• Slovenské pohádky a pověsti (Slovak Fairy Tales and Legends)
• Selská politika (Country Politics)
• Hospodyně na slovíčko
• Dopisy z lázní Františkových (The Letters from Franzenbad)
• Listy přítele přítelkyni
• Silný Ctibor
• Devět křížů (Nine Crosses)

References

External links

• Works by or about Božena Němcová at Internet Archive

На других языках

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- [en] Božena Němcová

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[es] Božena Němcová

Božena Němcová (pronunciado en checo AFI: ['bo.ʒɛ.na 'ɲɛm.t͡so.vaː], Viena, 4 de febrero de 1820-Praga, 21 de enero de 1862) fue una de las más importantes novelistas checas del comienzo del Realismo y es conocida fundamentalmente por su novela Babička (La abuela, 1855). Está considerada como una de las figuras más destacadas del movimiento del renacimiento nacional checo.

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[fr] Božena Němcová

Božena Němcová est née le 4 février 1820 à Vienne et décédée le 21 janvier 1862 à Prague. Elle est l'un des écrivains les plus influents de la Renaissance nationale tchèque. Elle est connue pour ses recueils de contes Národní báchorky a pověsti (Histoires et légendes de la nation) et Slovenské pohádky a pověsti (Contes et légendes slovaques), mais son œuvre la plus célèbre est le roman Grand-Mère (Babička, 1855), connu de tous les Tchèques.

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[ru] Немцова, Божена

Боже́на Не́мцова (чеш. Božena Němcová, урождённая Барбора Новотна, Barbora Novotná; 4 февраля 1820 (1820-02-04)[6], Вена, — 21 января 1862, Прага) — чешская писательница, родоначальница современной чешской прозы.

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