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Gilberto de Mello Freyre KBE (March 15, 1900 – July 18, 1987) was a Brazilian sociologist, anthropologist, historian, writer, painter, journalist, congressman born in Recife, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. He is commonly associated with other major Brazilian cultural interpreters of the first half of the 20th century, such as Sérgio Buarque de Holanda and Caio Prado Júnior. His best-known work is a sociological treatise named Casa-Grande & Senzala (literally, "The main house and the slave quarters," as on a traditional plantation, although the book title is usually translated as The Masters and the Slaves).

Gilberto Freyre

KBE
Gilberto Freyre c.1956
Born
Gilberto de Mello Freyre

(1900-03-15)March 15, 1900
DiedJuly 18, 1987(1987-07-18) (aged 87)
Alma materBaylor University
Columbia University
Known forCasa-Grande & Senzala, concept of racial democracy
AwardsPrêmio Machado de Assis, Prêmio Jabuti
Scientific career
FieldsSociology, Historian, Anthropology, Writer
Signature

Life and Work


Freyre had an internationalist academic career, having studied at Baylor University, Texas from the age of eighteen and then at Columbia University, where he got his master's degree under the tutelage of William Shepperd.[1] At Columbia, Freyre was a student of the anthropologist Franz Boas.[2] After coming back to Recife in 1923, Freyre spearheaded a handful of writers in a Brazilian regionalist movement. After working extensively as a journalist, he was made head of cabinet of the Governor of the State of Pernambuco, Estácio Coimbra. With the 1930 revolution and the rise of Getúlio Vargas, both Coimbra and Freyre went into exile. Freyre went first to Portugal and then to the US, where he worked as Visiting Professor at Stanford.[3] By 1932, Freyre had returned to Brazil. In 1933, Freyre's best-known work, The Masters and the Slaves was published and was well received.[citation needed] In 1946, Freyre was elected to the federal Congress.[4] At various times, Freyre also served as director of the newspapers A Província and Diário de Pernambuco.[5]

In 1962, Freyre was awarded the Prêmio Machado de Assis by the Brazilian Academy of Letters, one of the most prestigious awards in the field of Brazilian literature.[6] Over the course of his long career, Freyre received numerous other awards, honorary degrees, and other honors both in Brazil and internationally. Examples include admission to L'ordre des Arts et Lettres (France), investiture as Grand Officier de La Légion d'Honneur (France), investiture as Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (Great Britain), the Gran-Cruz of the Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique (Portugal), and honorary doctorates at Columbia University and the Sorbonne.[7]

Freyre's most widely known work is The Masters and the Slaves (1933). At the time, this was a revolutionary work for the study of races and cultures in Brazil. As Lucia Lippi Oliveira notes, "In the 1930s and 1940s, Freyre was praised as being the creator of a new, positive self-image of Brazil, one that overcame the racism present in authors like Sílvio Romero, Euclides da Cunha, and Oliveira Viana."[8] The book is a turning point in the analysis of the black heritage in Brazil, which is highly extolled by Freyre. His effort both to rehabilitate the black culture and identify Brazil as a conciliatory country is comparable to the ones of other Latin American writers, such as Fernando Ortiz in Cuba (Contrapunteo Cubano de Tobacco y Azúcar, 1940), and José Vasconcelos in Mexico (La Raza Cosmica, 1926).[9][10] Since its publication and initial reception, this work has also been criticized for how its "focus on a single identity in modern Brazil resulted not only in factual inaccuracies and distortions of reality but also in a larger societal refusal to acknowledge racism in modern Brazil,"[11] for example.

The Masters and the Slaves is the first of a series of three books, which also included The Mansions and the Shanties: The Making of Modern Brazil (1938) and Order and Progress: Brazil from Monarchy to Republic (1957). The trilogy is generally considered a classic of modern cultural anthropology and social history. Other very important contributions of Freyre's were The Northeast (1937) and The English in Brazil (1948).

The actions of Freyre as a public intellectual are rather controversial. Labeled as a communist in the 1930s, he later moved to the political Right. He supported Portugal's Salazar government in the 1950s, and after 1964, defended the military dictatorship of Brazil's Humberto Castelo Branco. Freyre is considered to be the "father" of lusotropicalism: the theory whereby miscegenation had been a positive force in Brazil. "Miscegenation" at that time tended to be viewed in a negative way, as in the theories of Eugen Fischer and Charles Davenport.[12]

Freyre was acclaimed for his literary style.[citation needed] Of his poem "Bahia of all saints and of almost all sins," Brazilian poet Manuel Bandeira wrote: "Your poem, Gilberto, will be an eternal source of jealousy to me"(cf. Manuel Bandeira, Poesia e Prosa. Rio de Janeiro: Aguilar, 1958, v. II: Prose, p. 1398).[13] Freyre wrote this long poem inspired by his first visit to Salvador.[citation needed]

Freyre died on July 18, 1987 in Recife.


Quotes


“Every Brazilian, even the light skinned fair haired one carries about him on his soul, when not on soul and body alike, the shadow or at least the birthmark of the aborigine or the negro, in our affections, our excessive mimicry, our Catholicism which so delights the senses, our music, our gait, our speech, our cradle songs, in everything that is a sincere expression of our lives, we almost all of us bear the mark of that influence.” -The Main House and the Slave Quarters


Selected bibliography



See also



References


  1. "Vida – Honrarias". Biblioteca Virtual Gilberto Freyre. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  2. "Vida – Honrarias". Biblioteca Virtual Gilberto Freyre. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  3. "Vida – Honrarias". Biblioteca Virtual Gilberto Freyre. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  4. Gaspar, Lúcia. "Gilberto Freyre". Pesquisa Escolar Online, Fundação Joaquim Nabuco. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  5. Gaspar, Lúcia. "Gilberto Freyre". Pesquisa Escolar Online, Fundação Joaquim Nabuco. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  6. "Vida – Honrarias". Biblioteca Virtual Gilberto Freyre. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  7. "Vida – Honrarias". Biblioteca Virtual Gilberto Freyre. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  8. Oliveira, Lucia Lippi (2011). "Gilberto Freyre e a valorização da província". Sociedade e Estado (in Portuguese). 26: 117–149. doi:10.1590/S0102-69922011000100007. ISSN 0102-6992.
  9. Milazzo, Marzia (October 15, 2022). Colorblind Tools: Global Technologies of Racial Power. Northwestern University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8101-4528-3.
  10. Jr, Henry Louis Gates (August 1, 2012). Black in Latin America. NYU Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8147-3818-4.
  11. Wohl, Emma (2013). ""Casa Grande e Senzala" and the Formation of a New Brazilian Identity". library.brown.edu. Retrieved July 27, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. Gerald J. Bender, Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth and the Reality, Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 1980, pp. xxiii, 5, 8
  13. http://www.antoniomiranda.com.br/poesia_brasis/pernambuco/gilberto_freyre.html
  14. "Estrutura".
  15. "Estrutura".

Bibliography



Sources





На других языках


- [en] Gilberto Freyre

[es] Gilberto Freyre

Gilberto de Mello Freyre (Recife, 15 de marzo de 1900 — Recife, 18 de julio de 1987) fue un sociólogo, antropólogo y escritor brasileño, autor de Casa-grande y senzala, influyente ensayo sobre la formación de la sociedad brasileña.

[it] Gilberto Freyre

Gilberto de Mello Freyre (Recife, 15 marzo 1900 – Recife, 18 giugno 1987) è stato uno scrittore, pittore e sociologo brasiliano. È considerato uno dei maggiori autori che il Brasile ricordi.

[ru] Фрейре, Жилберту

Жилберту ди Мелу Фрейре (порт. Gilberto de Mello Freyre; 15 марта 1900, Ресифи — 18 июля 1987, там же) — бразильский социолог, антрополог, историк и писатель консервативного направления. Автор концепции расовой демократии, подкрепляющей идеи лузотропикализма и иберотропикализма.



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