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Hu Feng (Chinese: 胡风; pinyin: Hú Fēng, November 2, 1902 – June 8, 1985) was a Chinese Marxist writer, poet and literary theorist. He was a prominent member of the League of Left-Wing Writers. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Hu Feng became a member of the First National People's Congress of China, but was then heavily persecuted as the chief of the Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Clique (Chinese: 胡风反革命集团). The persecution became a massive political purge. He was first rehabilitated in 1980 and fully rehabilitated, posthumously, in 1988.

Hu Feng
Hu Feng and his wife Mei Zhi, December 1933
Native name	胡风
Born	Zhang Guangren (Chinese: 张光人) (1902-11-02)November 2, 1902 Qichun, Hubei, Qing Empire
Died	June 8, 1985(1985-06-08) (aged 82) Beijing, PRC
Occupation	Literary Theorist, Writer, Poet
Spouse	Mei Zhi
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	胡風
Simplified Chinese	胡风
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hú Fēng
Personal name
Traditional Chinese	張光人
Simplified Chinese	张光人
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhāng Guāngrén

Life

Early life

Hu Feng was born in Qichun, Hubei on November 2, 1902, as a son of a toufu artisan. He started school in his village in 1913 and entered middle school in Wuchang in 1920. He transferred to the High School Affiliated to the National Southeastern University (Chinese: 国立东南大学附属中学, now High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University), which was also the school of Ba Jin. He joined Socialist Youth League of China there.[1]

Education

In 1925, Hu Feng participated in the May Thirtieth Movement, and entered Peking University later in the year. In 1926, he transferred to study western literature at Tsinghua University.[1] Soon he quit school and returned to his hometown. He later served in the Kuomintang. In 1929, he entered Keio University in Japan to study English. Then, in 1933, he was evicted from Japan for organizing anti-Japanese groups among fellow Chinese students.[2]

Literary activism

Hu Feng returned to Shanghai in 1933 and became both the head of publicity and the executive secretary of the League of Left-Wing Writers. He became closely acquainted with Lu Xun. In 1934, he married Mei Zhi. In 1935, he secretly edited the journal Mu Xie Wen Cong (Chinese: 木屑文丛, literally "The Sawdust Journal"), which was published with the help of Kanzō Uchiyama. In 1936, he co-founded and co-edited the journal The Petrel (Chinese: 海燕) with others, which published the works of Lu Xun and other authors including Nie Gannu, Xiao Jun, and Wu Xiru (Chinese: 吴奚如).[3]

After the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, Hu Feng became the chief-editor of the magazine July (Chinese: 七月). According to Ruth Y.Y. Hung, "Hu and his associate writers, the July poets, made paradigmatic distinctions between new and old, free verse and national forms, and, by extension, poetry-driven revolution... and poetry for the Revolution."[4] Due to the war, Hu Feng moved the publication of July to Wuhan in October 1937, and to Chongqing in September 1938. Hu Feng stayed for a year in Guilin from March 1942 to March 1943, and returned to Chongqing after then.[3] In 1945, Hu Feng became the chief-editor of the magazine Hope (Chinese: 希望).[2]

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Hu Feng became a member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, a member of the China Writers Association, and a member of the First National People's Congress of China. During this time, he wrote the poem Time Has Begun (Chinese: 时间开始了), which is a lengthy historical epic celebrating the founding of the PRC.[4]

Political persecution

Hu Feng's literary theory often conflicted with those of Chinese Communists such as Zhou Yang and of Mao Zedong, especially on the issue of "National Form" (Chinese: 民族形式). Ruth Y.Y. Hung observed that, "For Hu, any type of formulism in general, and traditional and popular national forms specifically, derived from a Confucius 'ruling-class' ethic and had no prerogative claim on New Poetry."[4] In the 1940s and 1950s, Hu Feng's theory was criticized frequently.[5]

In 1951, some wrote to Wen Yi Bao, requesting that it critique Hu Feng's literary theory again. In early 1952, Wen Yi Bao publicized these letters.[6]

In July 1954, Hu Feng delivered a 300,000-word report, titled "Report on the Real Situation in Literature and Art Since Liberation", to the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. In January 1955, the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party submitted a report to the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCCPC) requesting that it criticize Hu Feng.[2]

In early May 1955, Shu Wu (Chinese: 舒芜) submitted his correspondence with Hu Feng and other materials, accusing Hu of forming cliques. Mao wrote a foreword to Shu Wu's letters and materials and instructed People's Daily to publish them under the title "Certain Materials Regarding the Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Clique" (Chinese: 关于胡风反党集团的一些材料).[7] On May 17, Hu Feng was arrested. He was detained at Qincheng Prison, and in 1965 he was sentenced to 14 years in prison.[8] China claims that about 2,100 people were persecuted, 92 were arrested, and 72 were detained. Among them, 78 were confirmed as a member of the "Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Clique", and 23 were regarded as key members.[9]

During the Cultural Revolution, Hu Feng and his wife were sent to Lushan, Sichuan for labor. Hu Feng was again arrested in November 1967.[10] In January 1970, Hu Feng was accused of desecrating the portrait of Mao and was sentenced for life.[11]

Rehabilitation and death

In 1979, Hu Feng was released from prison.[2] In September 1980, he was partly rehabilitated when the CCCPC overturned its decision on the "Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Clique", yet CCCPC did not overturn previous accusations towards Hu Feng.[12] He was then made a standing member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and restored as a member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and a member of the China Writers Association.[2]

Hu Feng died of cancer in Beijing on June 8, 1985.[2] China's Ministry of Public Security cancelled some of his accusations in April 1986, and CCCPC cancelled all accusations in June 1988.[12]

Works and translations

Besides his occupation as an editor, Hu Feng was also a translator and literary theorist. In 1935, Hu Feng translated Yang Kui's story Shinbun Haitatsufu ("The News Deliverer", Chinese: 送报夫) from Japanese into Chinese. He also translated some stories written in Japanese by authors from Taiwan and Korea, which are altogether published in the collection Shan Ling ("The Mountain Spirit", Chinese: 山灵) in April 1936.[3]

Hu Feng published several theoretical works in the 1940s. In 1941, he published Lun Minzu Xingshi Wenti ("On National Forms", Chinese: 论民族形式问题). In 1943, he published Minzu Zhanzheng Yu Wenyi Xingge ("The National War and the Disposition of Literature and Art", Chinese: 民族战争与文艺性格). In 1948, he published Lun Xianshizhuyi De Lu ("On the Road of Realism", Chinese: 论现实主义的路).[13]

See also

• Lu Xun
• Zhou Yang
• League of Left-Wing Writers
• Sufan movement

References

• Denton, Kirk A. The Problematic of Self in Modern Chinese Literature: Hu Feng and Lu Ling (Stanford University Press, 1998).
• Hung, Y.Y. Ruth, Hu Feng: A Marxist Intellectual in a Communist State, 1930–1955 (SUNY Press, 2020).
• Shu, Yunzhong, Buglers on the Home Front: The Wartime Practice of the Qiyue School (SUNY Press, 2000).
• Zhi, Mei, F: Hu Feng's Prison Years (Verso, 2013).

На других языках

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[de] Hu Feng

Hu Feng (.mw-parser-output .Hans{font-size:110%}胡风, Hú Fēng; * 1902; † 1985) war ein chinesischer Schriftsteller sowie Literatur- und Kunsttheoretiker. Er stammt aus Qichun in der Provinz Hubei. 1929 ging er zum Studium nach Japan. 1933 wurde er aus Japan ausgewiesen und er schloss sich der Liga linksgerichteter Schriftsteller Chinas (Zhongguo zuoyi zuojia lianmeng 中国左翼作家联盟) in Shanghai an. Er war mit Lu Xun befreundet. Er gab 1937, nach dem japanischen Überfall auf China, die Zeitschrift Qiyue 七月 („Juli“) heraus. Weitere Stationen seines Lebens waren Wuhan und Chongqing. Sein Realismusbegriff richtete sich gegen den Mao Zedongs aus Yan’an (1942) und er wurde zur Zielscheibe der Kritik. 1954 veröffentlichte er den an das Politbüro der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas gerichteten „Bericht über die Praxis und Lage der Kunst und Literatur in den letzten Jahren“ (Guānyú jǐ nián lái wényì shíjiàn qíngkuàng de bàogào 关于几年来文艺实践情况的报告), der auch als „Schreiben der dreihunderttausend Worte“ (Sānshíwàn yán shū 三十万言书) bezeichnet wird. Er wurde 1955 als Konterrevolutionär verhaftet und inhaftiert und erst 1979 entlassen. 1980 wurde er rehabilitiert.

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- [en] Hu Feng

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[ru] Ху Фэн

Чжан Гуанжэ́нь (кит. упр. 张光人; 1902—1985), более известный под литературным псевдонимом Ху Фэн (кит. упр. 胡风) — китайский критик и поэт.

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