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Mordecai Aaron Günzburg (Hebrew: מֹרְדְּכַי אַהֲרֹן גִינְצְבּוּרְג, romanized: Mordekhai Aharon Gintsburg; 3 December 1795 – 5 November 1846), also known by the acronym Remag (רמא״ג) and the pen name Yonah ben Amitai (יוֹנָה בֶּן־אֲמִתַּי), was a Lithuanian Jewish writer, translator, and educator. He was a leading member of the Haskalah in Vilna,[1][2] and is regarded as the "Father of Hebrew Prose."[3][4]

Mordecai Aaron Günzburg
Native name
מֹרְדְּכַי אַהֲרֹן גִינְצְבּוּרְג
Born(1795-12-03)3 December 1795
Salant, Russian Empire
Died5 November 1846(1846-11-05) (aged 50)
Vilna, Russian Empire
Pen nameYonah ben Amitai
LanguageHebrew, Yiddish
Literary movementHaskalah
Notable worksDevir (1844)
Aviezer (1863)

Biography


Günzburg was born into a prominent Jewish family in Salant (now Salantai, Lithuania) in 1795.[5] His father Yehuda Asher (1765–1823), under whom he studied Hebrew and Talmud, was one of the early members of the Haskalah in Russia,[6] and wrote treatises on mathematics and Hebrew grammar.[7] Günzburg was engaged at the age of twelve, and married two years later, whereupon he went to live with his in-laws at Shavly.[8] He continued his studies under his father-in-law until 1816.[9] From there Günzburg went to Polangen and Mitau, Courland, where he taught Hebrew and translated legal papers into German. He did not stay in Courland long, and after a period of wandering settled in Vilna in 1835.[10]

In 1841, he founded with Shlomo Salkind (d. 1868) the first secular Jewish school in Lithuania, which he headed until his death in 1846 at the age of fifty-one.[7][10] A. B. Lebensohn, Wolf Tugendhold [Wikidata], and Michel Gordon [Wikidata],[11] among others, published eulogies in his memory.[6]


Work


Günzburg was best known for his series of histories of contemporary Europe.[12][13] His first major publication was Sefer gelot ha-aretz (1823), an adaption into Hebrew of Joachim Heinrich Campe's Die Entdeckung von Amerika,[14] a Yiddish translation of which he released the following year as Di entdekung fun Amerike.[6] In 1835, he published the first volume of his universal history Toldot bnei ha-adam, adapted from Karl Heinrich Ludwig Pölitz [de]'s Handbuch der weltgeschichte.[15] (A few chapters of the second volume would later be published in the Leket Amarim, a supplement to Ha-Melitz, in 1889.) In the same genre he wrote Ittote Russiya (1839), a history of Russia, and Ha-Tzarfatim be-Russiya (1842) and Pi ha-ḥerut (1844), accounts of the Napoleonic Wars.[16]

Among his other publications were Malakhut Filon ha-Yehudi (1836), an translation from German of Philo's embassy to Caligula, and the anthology Devir (1844), an eclectic collection of letters, tales, and sketches.[17] Many of Günzburg's works were published posthumously, most notably his autobiography Aviezer (1863, composed between 1828 and 1845),[18][12] as well as Ḥamat Dammeshek (1860), a history of the Damascus affair of 1840, and the satirical poem Tikkun Lavan ha-Arami (1864).[19][7]

Günzburg's outlook was influenced by Moses Mendelssohn's Phaedon and the Sefer ha-Berit of Phinehas Elijah ben Meïr [he].[13] He struggled energetically against Kabbalah and superstition as the sources of the Ḥasidic movement, but he was at the same time opposed to the free thought and proto-Reform movements.[20]


Selected publications


Title page of Aviezer (1863)
Title page of Aviezer (1863)

References


 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rosenthal, Herman; Seligsohn, M. (1904). "Günzburg, Mordecai Aaron ben Judah Asher". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 112–113.

  1. Abramson, Glenda M.; Rabin, Chaim; Leiter, Samuel. "Hebrew literature: Romanticism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019.
  2. Ginsburg, Saul M. (1939). "Max Lilienthal's Activities in Russia; New Documents". Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society (35): 44–50. JSTOR 43058467.
  3. Rhine, Abraham Benedict (1910). Leon Gordon: An Appreciation. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 37.
  4. Landman, Isaac, ed. (1969). "Günzberg, Mordecai Aaron". The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: KTAV Publishing House. p. 133.
  5. Raisin, Jacob S. (1913). The Haskalah Movement in Russia. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. pp. 213–221.
  6. Kharlash, Yitskhok (13 August 2015). "Mortkhe-Aron Gintsburg (Mordechai Aharon Ginzburg, Güenzburg)". Yiddish Leksikon. Translated by Fogel, Joshua. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  7. Friedlander, Yehuda (2008). "Gintsburg, Mordekhai Aharon". In Hundert, Gershon (ed.). YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Translated by Hann, Rami. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  8. Biale, David (1997). Eros and the Jews: From Biblical Israel to Contemporary America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 149, 155. doi:10.1525/9780520920064. ISBN 978-0-520-92006-4.
  9. Galron-Goldschläger, Joseph, ed. (2019). "M. A. Güntzburg". Lexicon of Modern Hebrew Literature (in Hebrew). Ohio State University. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  10. Ahimeir, Abba (2007). "Guenzburg, Mordecai Aaron". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4.
  11. Landman, Isaac, ed. (1943). "Gordon, Michel". The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 65.
  12. Mintz, Alan (1979). "Guenzburg, Lilienblum, and the Shape of Haskalah Autobiography". AJS Review. 4: 71–110. doi:10.1017/S0364009400000428. JSTOR 1486300.
  13. Bartal, Israel (1990). "Mordechai Aaron Günzburg: A Lithuanian Maskil Faces Modernity". In Malino, Frances; Sorkin, David (eds.). From East and West: Jews in a Changing Europe, 1750–1870. Translated by Greenwood, N.; Schramm, L. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 126–147. ISBN 9780814327159.
  14. Shavit, Zohar (Spring 1992). "Literary Interference between German and Jewish-Hebrew Children's Literature during the Enlightenment: The Case of Campe". Poetics Today. 13 (1): 41–61. doi:10.2307/1772788. JSTOR 1772788.
  15. Greenbaum, Avraham (Spring 1993). "The Beginnings of Jewish Historiography in Russia". Jewish History. 7 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1007/BF01674497. JSTOR 20101146. S2CID 159491930.
  16. Waxman, Meyer. A History of Jewish Literature. Vol. 3. New York: Thomas Yoseloff. p. 213–214.
  17. Banbaji, Amir (2012). "Two Paradigms of Aesthetics in Haskalah Literary Criticism: From Satanov to Lebensohn". Hebrew Studies. 53: 170–171. doi:10.1353/hbr.2012.0010. JSTOR 23344445. S2CID 170772448.
  18. Pelli, Moshe (May 1990). "The Literary Genre of the Autobiography in Hebrew Enlightenment Literature: Mordechai Ginzburg's 'Aviezer'". Modern Judaism. 10 (2): 159–169. doi:10.1093/mj/10.2.159. JSTOR 1396259.
  19. Slouschz, Nahum (1902). La Renaissance de la littérature hébraïque (1743–1885) (in French). Paris. pp. 88–89.
  20.  Rosenthal, Herman; Seligsohn, M. (1904). "Günzburg, Mordecai Aaron ben Judah Asher". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 112–113.

На других языках

- [en] Mordecai Aaron Günzburg

[ru] Гинцбург, Мордехай Аарон

Мордехай Аарон Гинцбург (3 декабря 1795, Саланты Тельшевского уезда Ковенской губернии (ныне Салантай Кретингского района Литвы — 5 ноября 1846, Вильна, Российская империя) — выдающийся еврейский писатель и переводчик.


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