Park Chong-hwa (Hangul: 박종화) was an early-modern Korean poet and novelist.[1]
Park Chong-hwa | |
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Born | October 29, 1901 |
Died | January 3, 1981(1981-01-03) (aged 79) |
Language | Korean |
Nationality | South Korean |
Korean name | |
Hangul | |
Hanja | |
Revised Romanization | Bak Jonghwa |
McCune–Reischauer | Pak Chonghwa |
Park Chong-hwa was born October 29, 1901, in Seoul, Korea.[2] Park wrote under the name Woltan and attended the Huimun Uisuk Academy. He worked as a member of the literary club Swan (1922) and was the Vice of the Choson Writers' Association in 1946. He also served as the Chairman of the Seoul Committee for Arts (1947) and the Writers' Association of Korea (1949). Park was named the President of the Korea Arts Council (1955) and Chairman of the Board of the Korean Writers' Association (1964). He died on January 13, 1981.[3]
Park first entered the literary world as a poet, publishing “Anguished Youth” (Onoeui cheongchun) and “Milk-colored Streets” (Uyubit geori) in the inaugural issue of the journal Rose Village (Jangmichon) in 1921, and “Returning to the Secret Room” (Milsillo doragada) and “Elegy” (Manga) in the 1922 inaugural issue of White Tide (Baekjo). With his first poetry collection, Private Melodies of the Black Room (Heukbang Bigok, 1924), Park established his reputation as a romantic poet.
After the Japanese occupation, censorship, prison, or even to death followed overt literary resistance and the predominant emotion among Korean writers in the 1920s was near-despair. Poets like Pak Chong-hwa and Yi Sang-hwa therefore turned to dark imitations of the European decadent movement.[4] However, in a poem like "Koryo Celadon" Pak manages to use an aesthetic theme as an indirect statement of national pride, which was later to be taken up in his novels.
- Bluish green with subtle lines,
- O supple smooth curving,
- Like a bodhisattva’s shoulders,
- Grace and elegance combined.
- A swallow spurns the waves
- And cleaves the April breeze.
- But wake! – for this is Koryo celadon,
- This was ours for a thousand years.
- Depth of color, softly shaded;
- Iridescent kingfisher;
- Blue sky glimpsed through autumn clouds
- As the rain squall passes on;
- Or a white cloud, fresh with dew,
- Wings its way on high.
- But wake! – for this is Koryo celadon,
- This was ours for a thousand years.
- Flagons, pitchers, bowls and dishes,
- Ink slabs, censers, incense boxes,
- Vases, wine cups, pillows, drums;
- They are clay – but they are jade![5]
During the Goryeo dynasty of a thousand years before, the unique grey-green celadon ware (ceong-ja) had been the main type of ceramics produced on the Korean peninsula but now, under Japanese rule, artware pottery had all but disappeared from the country. In the past it had been particularly associated with Buddhist ceremonies, hence the bodhisattva reference in the first stanza. The poem then turns to its later successors, the so-called white celadon (baek-ja) and cobalt-blue kingfisher shade mentioned in the second stanza, and in the third to the types of use to which the pottery was put.[6]
Learning this approach through his poetry, Park Jonghwa devoted the rest of his life to writing historical novels that espouse Korean nationalism. The Literature Translation Institute of Korea summarizes this part of his career:
Novels
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