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The Learning Tree is a 1969 American coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Gordon Parks. It depicts the life of Newt Winger, a teenager growing up in Cherokee Flats, Kansas, in the 1920s, and chronicles his journey into manhood marked with tragic events. Based on Parks's 1963 semi-autobiographical novel of the same name, The Learning Tree was the first film directed by an African-American person for a major American film studio, Warner Bros.-Seven Arts.[2]

The Learning Tree
Directed by	Gordon Parks
Screenplay by	Gordon Parks
Based on	The Learning Tree by Gordon Parks
Produced by	Gordon Parks
Starring	Kyle Johnson Alex Clarke Estelle Evans Dana Elcar Mira Waters Joel Fluellen Malcolm Atterbury Richard Ward
Cinematography	Burnett Guffey
Edited by	George R. Rohrs
Music by	Gordon Parks
Production company	Warner Bros.-Seven Arts
Distributed by	Warner Bros.-Seven Arts
Release date	August 6, 1969
Running time	107 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Box office	$1.5 million (rentals)[1]

In 1989, The Learning Tree was one of the first 25 films selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[3]

Plot summary

Newt Winger, Marcus Savage, and several of their friends steal apples from Jake Kiner's orchard, and when Jake confronts the boys, he is beaten and left for dead by Marcus, who is later sent to jail for his actions. While Marcus is in jail, Newt begins to work for Jake to make up for his actions and those of his friends, and also begins a relationship with the new girl in town Arcella Jefferson, but his relationship with her is ultimately destroyed when Chauncey Cavanaugh, a white man and son of the local judge, rapes and impregnates Arcella, who ultimately moves away out of shame. Another scene depicts Newt forced into a brutal boxing match at the County fair.

One day when Newt is eating his lunch in the loft of Jake's barn, he witnesses the brutal attack and murder of Jake by Booker Savage, Marcus' father. Newt initially keeps quiet about what he has seen, but appears to be bothered that Silas Newhall, who was at the scene of the crime for another reason, is being accused for a murder he did not commit. Encouraged by his mother Sarah, Newt reveals to Judge Cavanaugh that Booker committed the murder, and also testifies in court, but rather than doing the good he intended it to do, Newt's testimony leads to the suicide of Booker and almost being killed by Marcus.

Through all this, the film is able to capture "an adolescent boy's initiation in sex, love, death, justice and injustice, and, because he is black, a fair measure of racial hatred" in "a profoundly nostalgic way", according to New York Times movie reviewer Roger Greenspun.[4]

Cast

• Kyle Johnson as Newt Winger
• Alex Clarke as Marcus Savage
• Estelle Evans as Sarah Winger
• Mira Waters as Arcella Jefferson
• George Mitchell as Jake Kiner
• Richard Ward as Booker Savage
• Malcolm Attenbury as Silas Newhall
• Russell Thorson as Judge Cavanaugh
• Zooey Hall as Chauncey Cavanaugh
• Dana Elcar as Sheriff Kirky
• Felix Nelson as Jack Winger
• Joel Fluellen as Uncle Rob

Background

The film The Learning Tree is based on Gordon Parks's 1963 semi-autobiographical novel of the same name. Parks also wrote the screenplay, and as a result, the script for the movie did not deviate much from the book, except for featuring fewer characters for the sake of time.[2] In addition to being the screenwriter, he was also the director, producer, and music composer. Assisting him with directing were Jack Aldworth and Fred Giles. Also working with Parks was James Lydon as associate producer and Burnett Guffey as cinematographer.[5] These men tried to include as many black technicians as possible for the film.[2]

Parks personally chose Kyle Johnson to play the character of Newt, after a brief meeting with him in a Beverly Hills hotel. However, during the meeting, he gave no inclination that he wanted to cast Johnson, but Johnson kept getting called in from screen tests. After the fourth screen test, he found out that he had already been hired and the screen tests were meant to gauge the abilities of the other actors, not him. Not surprisingly, Johnson characterized the audition process as "not normal".[2]

According to Turner Classic Movies, the original name of the film was Learn, Baby, Learn before it was changed to its current name.[5] The current title appears to be taken from a line in the film, one that Sarah Winger tells her son Newt: "Let Cherokee Flats be your learning tree." In context, the title of the film appears to signify that no matter where Newt lives in life, the lessons he learned in Cherokee Flats would guide his actions.

Film production

The Learning Tree was bought by Warner Bros.-Seven Arts in 1969 and became the first film directed by an African-American person for a major American film studio.[2] Parks later said of it:[6]

Until a few years ago blacks didn't even dream about getting into movies, except as actors. It was a closed world, sealed off by discrimination. Ken Hyman, the president of Seven Arts, liked my book and knew my photography. We had a meeting that lasted 15 minutes and he gave me the job of directing The Learning Tree. All of those years of prejudice and bigotry were broken down in 15 minutes.

The Learning Tree was shot on location in Fort Scott, Kansas, in the fall of 1968, and the production process was scheduled to take three months.[2] Fort Scott had been where Parks grew up, and it was also the basis for the fictional town of Cherokee Flats.[7]

Kyle Johnson remembers that when production began there was a circus in town. As a result, the circus scene in the film features an actual circus rather than a staged one. Moreover, the circus scene included citizens of Fort Scott, who were there for the circus in town anyway.[2]

Additionally, Johnson recalls that his “most enjoyable work as an actor” was done under Gordon Parks. Specifically, Johnson says, “I really enjoyed The Learning Tree; for me it was like being part of a tight-run ship, a well-oiled machine. You do your part and you recognize its importance and relationship to all the other parts, cast, crew, director and so forth.”[2]

Parks is remembered for following his instincts while filming, and for also encouraging the actors to follow their own instincts while acting. This ease while filming probably contributed to the fact that scenes were shot in very few takes.[2]

During the film production, “suits” from Warner Bros. often visited the set. Since Parks was an African-American director,[5] Warner sent representatives over to check up on Parks and to make sure that production was running smoothly.[2]

Exodusters

In 1879, many African Americans migrated to Kansas and they became known as the "Exodusters". Among those who traveled were the ancestors of Gordon Parks. His father, Andrew Jackson Parks, was a tenant farmer in Kansas. Given that Gordon Parks was born in Fort Scott, Kansas in 1912, he was the "issue of the second generation of exodusters".[8] His ancestral background played a role in choosing Fort Scott as the filming location for The Learning Tree.

The Exodusters earned their name after nearly 6,000 African Americans migrated to Kansas after the Emancipation. Their exodus was prompted by the 1879 Windom Resolution that encouraged African Americans to leave the southern states where they were still met with much hatred, even though the American Civil War had ended a little more than a decade earlier.[9] Kansas promised a fresh start for the Exodusters, who wanted to begin a new life, in a new land, away from the southerners who had once enslaved them.

Depictions of black manhood

The Learning Tree juxtaposes the lives of Newt Winger and Marcus Savage, two former friends that are trying to find themselves in a white-dominated Midwestern society. Though these two young men have different personalities and different goals in life, both characters represent two examples of black manhood.

Newt is a young man who tries to adhere to morals, although upset by the racial injustice of the day. When adversity occurs, he always acts with dignity. When he and his friends steal from Jake Kiner, he attempts to make amends by working for him pro bono. When Chauncey Cavanaugh takes a liking to Newt's girlfriend Arcella, he does his best to protect her and ultimately he comes to term with his loss without showing aggression. He tells the truth in the Kiner murder trial, even though it exposes Booker Savage as the killer and African Americans are subsequently shown in an unfavorable light. Newt's determination to act morally shows that he is trying to feel empowered by doing the right thing. His desire to pursue a college education is, according to scholar Aza Nedhari, a healthy way in which black males may feel empowered.[10]

On the contrary, Marcus is a young man who is also upset by the racial injustice of the day, but retaliates with violence. His rocky relationship with his father, Booker, does not help his psyche and predisposes him to violence. Nedhari suggests that "boys who are victims of patriarchy often become the world views of patriarchy, unconsciously embodying the abusiveness that they recognized as evil."[10] In the case of Marcus, he begins to embody violence, specifically when he beats Kiner and attempts to murder Newt for sending both him and his father to jail. According to Nedhari, violence is one way that underprivileged black males find themselves.[10]

Soundtrack

Gordon Parks composed and wrote the following selections of score music in The Learning Tree:[11]

1. The Learning Tree – Main Title, sung by O.C. Smith
2. The Storm To Calm
3. Bluebird
4. The Swimming Hole
5. Concerto (Arcella's Theme)
6. Birthday Present
7. Chorale (The Learning Tree)
8. Poor Tuck
9. Questions & Answers
10. My Baby's Gone (feat. Jimmy Rushing)
11. The Fight
12. Confrontation (feat. Kyle Johnson & Joel Fluellen)
13. Hymn – End Title

New York Times reviewer Roger Greenspun praised the film's score in his review, saying that the music "telegraphs and then drains each crisis".[4]

Reception

When The Learning Tree premiered at the Trans-Lux Theater in New York City on August 6, 1969, it was well-received by critics. Roger Greenspun commented in his review that the scenes in the film took on a "kind of ceremonial vitality and lifelikeness".[4] Parks and Guffey's strong attention to detail helped to make this film beloved and well-remembered to the American public.

The Learning Tree was one of the first 25 films to be listed on National Film Registry when the registry was created in 1989.[12][13]

See also

• List of American films of 1969

References

External links

• The Learning Tree essay by Maurice Berger on the National Film Registry website
• The Learning Tree at AllMovie
• The Learning Tree at IMDb
• The Learning Tree at Rotten Tomatoes
• The Learning Tree at the TCM Movie Database
• Film Notes from New York State Writer's Institute
• The Learning Tree by essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 ISBN 0826429777, pages 651-652
• Entire film on YouTube

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