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Avdo Međedović (Albanian: Avdullah Ferizi[2]) (c. 1875 – 1955) was a guslar (gusle player and oral poet) from Sandžak, modern-day Montenegro.[1] He was the most versatile and skillful performer of all those encountered by Milman Parry and Albert Lord during their research on the oral epic tradition of Bosnia, Herzegovina and Montenegro in the 1930s. At Parry's request, Avdo sang songs he already knew and some songs he heard in front of Parry, convincing him that someone Homer-like could produce a poem so long. Avdo dictated, over five days, a version of the well-known theme The Wedding of Meho Smailagić that was 12,323 lines long, saying on the fifth day to Nikola (Parry's assistant on the journey) that he knew even longer songs. On another occasion, he sang over several days an epic of 13,331 lines. He said he had several others of similar length in his repertoire. In Parry's first tour, over 80,000 lines were transcribed.

Avdo Međedović
Born	c. 1870-1875 village of Obrov, near Bijelo Polje, Sanjak of Novi Pazar, Ottoman Empire[1]
Died	1955 (aged 85) Bijelo Polje, SR Montenegro, Yugoslavia
Occupation	guslar (gusle player and oral poet)
Genre	Epic poetry

Many years afterward The Wedding was published in 1974 by Lord with a parallel English translation.[3] Avdo Međedović died in 1955 in Yugoslavia. Albert Lord wrote after his death that "it may well be that he was the last of the truly great epic singers of the Balkan Slavic tradition".[4]

Early life

Međedović was a Slavic speaking Muslim of Albanian origin,[5] born in the village of Obrov, near Bijelo Polje (now in Montenegro)[1] in 1875, while it was a part of the Ottoman Empire. His ancestors were Serbian Orthodox, Avdo himself did not know when they converted to Islam. He worked as a butcher in his teens, as his father and brother were butchers. After two years there he went to the army, where he served at various places and positions; he spent three years on Bulgarian border, then was sent to an officer school in Salonica; he recalled saying that he "rotted for a year and emerged a sergeant". After seven years he returned home, but soon was called to the army again and served a year and a half.[1]

During his second call to the army Međedović was wounded and spent 45 days in a hospital; one bullet was removed and another remained in his arm. Two years after, he got a small farm in Obrov and married; according to a custom, he did not know the girl he married before the wedding. At that time he was 29 years old. He had three sons.[1]

Avdo learned Turkish in the army; he never learned to read and write in any language.[1] It is unclear what was his mother tongue; he spoke Serbo-Croatian but not as a first language. He also knew some Albanian.[6]

Poetry

He was the most versatile and skillful performer of all those encountered by Milman Parry and Albert Lord during their research on the oral epic tradition of Bosnia, Herzegovina and Montenegro in the 1930s. Parry recorded epic songs sung by Međedović in July and August 1935. Lord writes that "Avdo had a repertory of fifty-eight epics; Parry recorded nine of these on phonograph discs and Nikola Vujnović, Parry’s assistant, wrote down four others from Avdo's dictation."[1]

Conversations with Avdo were also recorded, "499 discs on both sides, or nearly one-seventh of the 3,584 twelve-inch records in the entire Parry Collection from the 1930s".[1]

Albert Lord, who worked with Parry as a student in 1935, returned to Avdo in 1950-1951; he recorded three more songs. Lord notes that "Avdo could sing songs of about the length of Homer’s Odyssey. An illiterate butcher in a small town of the central Balkans was equaling Homer’s feat, at least in regard to length of song."[1]

The origins of two of Avdo's songs are known. He learned "The Wedding of Meho" from his friend, who read the poem to him five or six times from a printed source. Despite of this, Avdo's oral version is very different from original published one, and much more descriptive:[1]

It had been written down in 1885 by F. S. Krauss from an eighty-five-year old singer named Ahmed Isakov Šemić in Rotimlje, Hercegovina, and had been published in Dubrovnik in 1886. It was later reprinted, with minor changes in dialect, in cheap paper editions in Sarajevo, without notes and introduction. In this form it was read to Avdo. Krauss’s text has 2,160 lines; Avdo’s in 1935 had 12,323 lines and in 1950, 8,488 lines. ... The opening scene of "The Wedding of Meho, Son of Smail" is an assembly of the lords of the Turkish Border in the city of Kanidža. In Krauss’s published version this assembly occupies 141 lines; Avdo’s text has 1,053 lines.

Avdo learned from many men, firstly from his father Ćor Huso Husein of Kolašin "whose reputation seems to have been prodigious". Lord mentions that though Avdo had a great endurance and mastery as a poet, "his voice was not especially good. He was hoarse, and the goiter on the left side of his neck could not have helped." in 1935 Lord asked Međedović to recall a song he heard only once, for this he asked another guslar, Mumin Vlahovljak of Plevlje, to sing his song "Bećiragić Meho", unknown to Međedović. After he heard the song of 2,294 lines, he sung it himself, but made it almost three times longer, 6,313 lines.[1]

Recorded by Parry in 1935[1]

• "The Death of Mustajbey of the Lika" (2,436 lines)
• "Hrnjica Mujo Avenges the Death of Mustajbey of the Lika" (6,290 lines)
• "The Wedding of Vlahinjić Alija" (Ženidba Vlahinjić Alije) (6,042 lines; "a dictated version of this song" is slightly different: 5,883 lines)
• "The Heroism of Đerđelez Alija" (Junaštvo Đerzelez Alije) (2,624 lines).
• "Osmanbey Delibegović and Pavičević Luka" (13,331 lines)
• "Sultan Selim Captures Kandija" (5,919 lines)
• "The Illness of Emperor Dušan in Prizren" (645 lines)
• "The Captivity of Kara Omeragha" (1,302 lines)
• "Bećiragić Meho" (6,313 lines)

Dictated in 1935[1]

• "The Arrival of the Vizier in Travnik" (7,621 lines)
• "The Wedding of Meho, Son of Smail" (Ženidba Smailagić Meha) (12,311 lines)
• "Gavran Harambaša and Sirdar Mujo" (4,088 lines)
• "The Captivity of Tale of Orašac in Ozim" (3,738 lines, unfinished)

Recorded by Lord 1950-1951

• "Osmanbey Delilbegović and Pavičević Luka" (6,119 lines)
• "The Wedding of Meho, Son of Smail" (8,488 lines)
• "Bećiragić Meho" (3,561 lines)

References

Sources

• Lord, Albert (1956). "Avdo Međedović, Guslar". The Journal of American Folklore. 69 (273): 320–330. doi:10.2307/537148. JSTOR 537148.
• Lord, Albert Bates (1960), The singer of tales, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
• Avdo Međedović, The wedding of Smailagić Meho tr. Albert Bates Lord; with a translation of conversations [with Nikola Vujnović] concerning the singer's life and times, by David E. Bynum. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1974.
• Parry, Milman (1971), Parry, Adam (ed.), The making of Homeric verse. The collected papers of Milman Parry, Oxford: Clarendon Press

External links

• John Curtis Franklin: Structural Sympathies in Ancient Greek and South-Slavic Heroic Song
• Mary Knight, "Homer in Bosnia: field notes"
• A clip made in the field on YouTube by Lord. From Lord, Albert Bates. 2000. The Singer of Tales. Ed. Stephen Mitchell and Gregory Nagy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000 2.ed.
• Documentary film about Avdo Medjedovic on YouTube

На других языках

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[de] Avdo Međedović

Avdo Međedović (* um 1875 in Obrov bei Bijelo Polje, Sandschak Novi Pazar, Osmanisches Reich; † 1953 bei Bijelo Polje, Jugoslawien) war ein muslimischer Guslar aus dem Sandžak (heute Montenegro), der als illiterater Guslen-Spieler der Oral poetry zugerechnet wird. In der Tradition der südslawischen Heldenepik war er der weitaus bedeutendste Epiker im serbokroatischen Sprachraum.

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- [en] Avdo Međedović

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