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Dwarkanath Gangopadhyay (also called Dwarkanath Ganguly) was born on 20 April 1844 and died on 27 June 1898. Dwarkanath was a Brahmo reformer in Bengal of British India. He made substantial contributions towards the enlightenment of society and the emancipation of women. He dedicated his life to the cause of women emancipation and encouraged them to participate in every walk of life, including politics and social services. Gangopadhyay founded an organizations for the emancipation of women in the Bengal.^{[citation needed]} He was the husband of the first practising Indian female doctor, Kadambini Ganguly.

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Dwarkanath Ganguly
Born	(1844-04-20)20 April 1844 Magurkhanda village, Bikrampur, Dhaka, Bengal Presidency, British India
Died	27 June 1898(1898-06-27) (aged 54) Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
Occupation	Educator, Journalist, Social Reformer
Spouses	Bhaboshundori Devi Kadambini Ganguly ​ ​ (m. 1883; his death 1898)​
Children	Bidhumuki Devi, Satish Chandra Ganguly, Nirupama Halder (Bela), Nirmal Chandra Ganguly (Bhulu), Prafulla Chandra Ganguly (Manglu), Joytirmoyee Ganguly (Chameli), Prabhat Chandra Ganguly (Janglu), Amal Chandra Ganguly (Khokon), Himani Ganguly (Death at just 3 months old) Jayanti Barman (Bulbuli)

Early life

Dwarkanath Ganguly was born at Magurkhanda village, Bikrampur, Dhaka (now in Bangladesh) on 20 April 1844. His father, Krishnapran Gangopadhyay, was a compassionate and humble man while his mother, Udaytara, belonged to a rich family, and was a strong willed woman.[1] He was deeply influenced by his mother from childhood, who instilled into him love for truth and justice.[2] Ganguly began his education in the local village "pathshaala". Since he was keen to learn English, he joined the English school in the nearby Kalipara village.^{[citation needed]} While studying in this school he became strongly influenced by the writings of Akshay Kumar Dutta's 'Dharma Niti' that elaborated on the then prevalent social problems as polygamy, child marriage, inter-caste marriage and widow remarriage. He was deeply touched by the plight of the Bengali woman, and was influenced by Dutta's main thesis that "the first vital step to social regeneration is liberating woman from her bondage".[1] He began attempting to propagate Datta's ideas along with his socially conscious school friends. He was unable to pass the entrance examination of the school owing to his reformist activities coupled with his ill health. Thereafter, he turned out to be self taught.^{[citation needed]}

Life and career

Dwarkanath belonged to the orthodox upper caste or 'kulin Brahmin' caste. In those days, it was customary for men from such families to practise polygamy, which formed a way to earn money in way of gifts presented to the groom by the bride's father. However, an incident of fatally poisoning a girl by her own relatives, since she had strayed from her course, and learning that this was a common practice, pained a 17 year old Dwarkanath immensely. Not only did he vow not to be polygamous, he began to empathize towards the condition of women in his society.[3] His vow to monogamy resulted in the family's inability to marry off his younger sisters as his father could not present the token claimed by prospective grooms.[3] His failure to clear the Entrance Examination combined with increasing disagreement with his relatives and the local people over his progressive ideas of social reform, made him leave home in search of an independent livelihood. He started his career as a teacher and worked at Sonarang, Olpur in Faridpur and in the minor school at Lonsingh (all in present-day Bangladesh).^{[citation needed]}

A number of years after the death of his first wife, he remarried, in 1883, Kadambini Ganguly née Bose, one of the first woman graduates in the British Empire. Dwarkanath fought for her admission into Calcutta Medical College and secured it. Kadambini later became the first practising Indian female doctor.[1]

He had ten children from both marriages. His eldest daughter, Bidhumukhi, from his first wife was married to Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury.[4] Jyotirmayee Gangopadhyay, his other daughter from his second marriage was a noted educationist turned freedom fighter. Prabhat Chandra Ganguly followed his father's footsteps in journalism and was a contemporary of Sukumar Ray, his nephew. He was a member of Sukumar's 'Monday club'.[4]

Abalabandhab

In May 1869, Ganguly launched a journal named Abalabandhab (Friend of Women), from Dhaka. This journal has been noted by American historian David Kopf as perhaps the first journal in the world devoted solely to the liberation of women.[5] It brought him recognition as a spokesman of women's rights in society.[6] Ganguly played the role of a humanitarian journalist bringing to light cases of exploitation and extreme suffering of women. His writings in Abalabandhab were on one hand defensive, while on the other, moralistic and judgmental on the proper behaviour and demeanour of educated women.

"The first article dealt with a number of topics such as subject for self-protection,'Vocational training' and 'Social, political and religious issues'. The second article was devoted to topics like 'Knowledge of the Yavanas in Sanskrit', the third to 'Whabi religion,Rafique Mondal and Amiruddin', the fourth to 'Edison and electric light', the fifth to 'Telephone, microphone and phonograms etc', the sixth to 'System of Kindergarten education' and seventh and the last to 'Miscellaneous topics."[7]

The Brahmo Public Opinion, January 1878.

The journal included articles on cookery, on imparting basic scientific approach to the mid-wives, improving the health of a mother who was usually kept segregated from other family members in unhealthy conditions of the 'Aturghar' amongst others.[6] Abalabandhab attracted the attention of the students of Calcutta and Dhaka and especially among young Brahmos, including Sivanath Sastri and his progressive friends in Calcutta.[8] In 1870, Ganguly came to Calcutta with Abalabandhab and by the cooperation of his friends in Kolkata, turned the journal into a powerful organ of women's cause.

Sadharan Brahmo Samaj

Ganguly was a supporter of higher education for women with equal stress on fields like science and mathematics. He supported providing equal syllabi for both men and women. That was not agreeable to many of the then social reformers, who believed that education of women was not to challenge the basic tenets of feminine socialization, rather it was to complement the process of the creation of the modem, enlightened helpmate.[3]

Though a Brahmo himself, Dwarkanath was far more progressive than the Brahmo leader Keshub Chandra Sen of those days. He along with Durgamohan Das, Annadacharan Khastagir, Sivanath Sastri, Rajaninath Roy and others, demanded that Brahmo ladies be allowed to come out of their screen of seclusion in the prayer meets of Brahmo Samaj. With his strong reformist views, he opposed many of the conservative ideas not only in society but even in the Brahmo Samaj.^{[citation needed]}

He campaigned vigorously against polygamy, bigotry, purdah and child marriage.[7] He also tried to introduce changes in women's dress and established music school for girls.

All this led to the beginning of the split in the Brahmo Samaj of India, which ultimately led to the formation of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in 1878, where he served several terms as secretary of the organization.[9]

Higher Education for Women

Establishment of Girls' School

Ganguly and his associates like Durgamohan Das, Monomohun Ghosh, argued that quality of education imparted on girls should be equal to that given to boys. To achieve this, they established the Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya on 18 September 1873 at 22, Beniapukur Lane, Calcutta as a boarding school.^{[citation needed]} The school was placed under the supervision of Unitarian English lady Miss Annette Akroyd. Ganguly and his associates, shouldered the responsibility of running the school. The boarders included Indumati, daughter of Ramtanu Lahiri; Sarala and Abala the daughters of Durga Mohan Das, Bidhumukhi the daughter of Ganguly; and Harasundari, the wife of Srinath Datta. Dwarkanath served that boarding school as headmaster, teacher, dietician, guard, and maintenance man, who even swept the premises.[3] The school stopped operating for a short while. However, with Ganguly's unhampered enthusiasm, he reopened the school as the Banga Mahila Vidyalaya on 1 June 1876 at Old Ballygunge Road, Calcutta. The standard of education in the school was commendably high and its successors played important role in Ganguly's crusade for women's upliftment. Ganguly argued convincingly in support of his educational practices at a time when Victorian England was still grappling with the issue of the right kind of education for the girls.^{[citation needed]}

The high quality system followed was praised even by the Education Department of the Government. In the meantime, the unsatisfactory state of the Bethune School was a matter for grave concern to all connected with female education. Through the good offices of Monomohun Ghose, the then secretary of Bethune School Committee, a proposal to amalgamate the two, in a union of financial and intellectual resources, was agreed upon. After a long controversy, the Banga Mahila Vidyalaya considered "the most advanced school in Bengal", was merged in the Bethune School on 1 August 1878.[10] Among its alumni were Swarnaprabha Basu (wife of Ananda Mohan Basu), Sarala Roy (wife of Dr. Prasanna Kumar Roy), Lady Abala Basu (wife of Sir Jagadish Chandra Basu), Girijakumari Sen (wife of Sasipada Sen), Kadambini Ganguly (wife of Ganguly) and Hemlata Devi (daughter of Sivanath Sastri).^{[citation needed]} Dwarkanath Ganguly's efforts in making of the present Bethune College, along with those of Durgamohon Das and Ananda Mohan Basu is no less than that of Bethune and Vidyasagar.[11]

Financial Support for Women's School

Dwarkanath was also instrumental in keeping the Brahmo Balika Shikshalaya established in 1890 sail through firmly by his financial aid from 1895.^{[citation needed]} This institution set an example for other girls' schools to be founded later on by Indians.[7] He set up the Bikrampur Sanmilani Sabha in 1879 where he acted as the President, and under this organization a number of girls' schools were set up in Bikrampur.^{[citation needed]}

Opening Doors of University

Dwarkanath's untiring campaigning to let women students appear for university examination ultimately bore fruit as the senate decision at Calcutta University to not allow female candidates to appear for tests from 25 November 1876 was upturned. This resulted in Miss Kadambini Basu and Miss Chandramukhi Basu to become the first two female graduates from the British Empire in 1882.[11]

Push for Women's Medical Education

Dwarkanath got wife Kadambini admitted into the Calcutta Medical College. He had to campaign that no candidate could be refused education on the grounds of sex and fought for her all the way through to her admission. Dwarkanath argued that unless women studied medicine, it would not be possible to ensure appropriate treatment of complex female diseases. He also sent her to Edinburgh and Glasgow to obtain her LRCP, LRCS and LFPS Diplomas.^{[citation needed]}

Dwarkanath and Mary Carpenter

Unitarian educationist Mary Carpenter visited India with an aim to spread women's education and wellbeing around the country. Dwarkanath on arrival to Kolkata was hugely inspired by her work. It was this inspiration that made him to write the women's novel 'Suruchir Kutir' which won him the Mary Carpenter prize for his work.[11]

Dwarkanath and Pandita Ramabai

Pandita Ramabai was deeply influenced by Dwarkanath and his work towards female emancipation when she came visiting to Bengal. She saw his work and decided to do similar work in Bombay, and began her work in the year 1882 with Dwarkanath's support and guidance by forming Arya Mahila Samiti in Pune along with others like Smt. Ramabai Ranade, Smt. Tanubai Tarkhud and Smt. Dharubai Limaye.[11]

Contribution to National Politics

Indian Association

The Indian Association was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876.[12] The objectives of this Association were "promoting by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people". Ganguly was actively associated with the functioning of this organization and served as the associate editor of the organization.[8]

Rights of women in politics

After the establishment of Indian National Congress in the year 1885, Indian Association lost its prevalence.[12] During this time, Dwarkanath started a movement to enable women's participation in national level politics, and therefore allow women delegates in the Congress sessions. His undeterred efforts resulted in 10 distinguished ladies attending as delegates in the 5th session of INC at Bombay in 1889 including Kadambini Ganguly (Ganguly's wife) and Swarnakumari Devi (wife of Janakinath Ghoshal, daughter of Devendranath Tagore and sister of Rabindranath Tagore).^{[citation needed]}

It is interesting to note that with Dwarkanath Ganguly's efforts both the gates of university for women as well as politics for women were opened even before they were opened in England.[11]

Journalism, nationalism and published work

Journalism

Apart from writing in his Abalabandhab journal, Dwarkanath was also involved in active journalism and wrote articles to bring light on social issues. He along with Krishna Kumar Mitra brought out the Bengali newsweekly "Sanjivani". This paper tried to organize the peasants of lower Bengal.[13] The most notable work done in this area was bringing to light the pathetic conditions of the workers in the tea gardens of Assam. His detailed articles describing the wretched conditions of these workers eventually led to the Indian National Congress to send investigators to validate his reports that also invited the wrath of the British Planter's chairpersons. Though the powerful British planter's lobby tried to prevent these articles to reach a wider audience. These reports also formed a base for agitation against the colonial rule.[14]

Educational material for schools

Ganguly was not happy with the educational materials of mathematics and applied sciences that were available in those times. He went ahead and wrote text books on health sciences, geography and mathematics that followed an excellent curriculum.[15] These were used in his school ensuring high quality of education.

Nationalism and published work

Ganguly sowed the seeds of initial patriotism. "Na jagile Bharat lalana e Bharat aar jage na jage na ...", a song written by him was sung at the inauguration of Swadeshi movement meeting held by Bipin Chandra Pal, on 14 March 1907, that aimed at including women in it.[16] The spirit of the song served as a wake up call for women to join the movement. Another song 'Sonar Bharat Aj Yavanadhikare' (golden Bharat is today under foreign subjection), was first published in his historical drama "Birnari" (1875). He compiled these songs later in a booklet called Jatiya Sangit (Patriotic Songs) published in 1876.^{[citation needed]}

Dwarkanath's activities were not restricted to social, political or religious reforms alone. His other novel was "Suruchir Kutir".[17] He contributed to articles in journals, notable being writing the biography of Brohmomoyee Debi (first wife of Durga Mohon Das). In the lines of "Year Book" that used to be published in those times, he had also started a treatise "NoboBarshiki" that contained information about the who is who of then Bengal. There are some children's literature too that could be attributed to him.[17]

References

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