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Emilio Salgari (Italian pronunciation: [eˈmiːljo salˈɡaːri], but often erroneously pronounced [ˈsalɡari]; 21 August 1862 – 25 April 1911) was an Italian writer of action adventure swashbucklers and a pioneer of science fiction.[1]

Emilio Salgari
Born(1862-08-21)21 August 1862
Verona, Lombardy–Venetia
Died25 April 1911(1911-04-25) (aged 48)
Turin, Italy
OccupationJournalist, writer, novelist
GenreAdventure, Westerns, Historical fiction, Science fiction
Notable worksSandokan The Tigers of Mompracem (series) The Black Corsair (series)

In Italy, his extensive body of work was more widely read than that of Dante Alighieri. Today he is still among the 40 most translated Italian authors. Many of his most popular novels have been adapted as comics, animated series and feature films. He is considered the father of Italian adventure fiction and Italian pop culture, and the "grandfather" of the Spaghetti Western.[2]


Life


Ida Peruzzi, wife of Salgari
Ida Peruzzi, wife of Salgari

Emilio Salgari was born in Verona to a family of modest merchants. From a young age, he had a desire to explore the seas and studied seamanship at a nautical technical institution in Venice, but his academic performance was too poor, and he never graduated.

He began his writing career as a reporter on the daily La Nuova Arena, which published some of his work as serials. As his powers of narration grew, so did his reputation for having lived a life of adventure. He claimed to have explored the Sudan desert, met Buffalo Bill in Nebraska (he had actually met him during his "Wild West Show" tour of Italy), and sailed the Seven Seas. His early biographies were filled with adventurous tales set in the Far East, events which he claimed were the basis for much of his work. Salgari had actually never ventured farther than the Adriatic Sea.

He turned his passion for exploration and discovery to writing. His first stories were serialized in newspapers. Early in his career, he began signing his tales as "Captain Salgari", a title he once defended in a duel when his claim to it was questioned.

Though knighted by the Queen of Italy and wildly popular, Salgari did not earn much money from his books and lived hand to mouth for most of his life.

Salgari married Ida Peruzzi – nicknamed "Aida," with whom he was very happy for years.[3] The couple had four children. Salgari's private life was clouded by several tragedies. In 1889 his father committed suicide.[3] Ida became ill after 1903 and Salgari's struggling increased with her medical bills.

These events led Salgari to depression, and he attempted suicide in 1910. After Ida was committed to a mental ward in 1911, Salgari was overwhelmed and took his own life soon afterwards, imitating the Japanese ritual of seppuku, and died on 25 April 1911.[3] He left three letters, addressed to his and Ida's children, his publisher, and the editors of his newspaper in Turin. The letter to his publisher said:

To you that have grown rich from the sweat of my brow while keeping myself and my family in misery, I ask only that from those profits you find the funds to pay for my funeral. I salute you while I break my pen. Emilio Salgari

[3] One of the sons of Emilio and Aida also committed suicide in 1933.[3]


Writing career


Salgari wrote more than 200 adventure stories and novels, setting his tales in exotic locations, with heroes from a wide variety of cultures. He gained inspiration from reading foreign literature and newspapers, travel magazines and encyclopedias, which he used to portray his heroes' worlds. He wrote four major series: The Pirates of Malaysia; The Black Corsair Saga; The Pirates of Bermuda; and a collection of adventures set in the Old West. Salgari's heroes were mostly pirates, outlaws and barbarians, fighting against greed, abuse of power, and corruption.

His most legendary heroes Sandokan, The Tiger of Malaysia, a Bornean prince turned pirate, and his loyal lieutenant Yanez of Gomera, led their men in attacks against the Dutch and British fleets. They declared war on James Brooke, the White Rajah of Sarawak, and tried to force him from his throne. The Black Corsair and Captain Morgan maintained a chivalric code in the Caribbean, while Salgari's pirates of Bermuda fought for American independence.

His tales had been so popular that soon his publisher hired other writers to develop adventure stories under his name. They added 50 novels to his “canon”. Salgari's style was imitated by many, but no other Italian adventure writer managed to duplicate his popular success.


Legacy


Salgari's work was imitated in one form or another by many who came after him. A large part of the Italian adventure literature is a continuation of Salgari's work. Many late 19th century writers such as Luigi Motta and Emilio Fancelli wrote further Sandokan adventures imitating Salgari's style: fast-paced, filled with great battles, blood, violence and punctuated with humour.

The style soon spread to movies and television. One example is the work of the director Sergio Leone, whose outlaw heroes in his Spaghetti Westerns were inspired by Salgari's piratical adventurers. More than 50 film adaptations have been made of Salgari's novels, and many more were inspired by his work (corsair stories, jungle adventure stories, and swashbuckling B movies, such as Morgan, the Pirate, starring Steve Reeves).

Federico Fellini loved Salgari's books. Pietro Mascagni had over 50 Salgari titles in his library. Umberto Eco read Salgari's works as a child.

His work was very popular in Portugal, Spain and Spanish-speaking countries, where Latin American writers such as Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Isabel Allende, Carlos Fuentes, Jorge Luis Borges and Pablo Neruda, all attested to reading him when young. Che Guevara read 62 of his books, according to his biographer Paco Ignacio Taibo II, who remarked that the revolutionary's anti-imperialism could be seen to be "Salgarian in origin".

Though popular with the masses, Salgari was shunned by critics throughout his life and for most of the 20th century. It was not until the late 1990s that his writings began to be revisited, and new translations appeared in print. They have been newly appreciated for their characterization and plots. In 2001 the first National Salgari Association was founded in Italy to celebrate his work.[3]


Films


Historians debate the first film adaptation of a Salgari novel. Cabiria, directed by Giovanni Pastrone bears many similarities to Emilio Salgari's 1908 adventure novel Cartagine in Fiamme (Carthage is Burning). Salgari was never credited, and Gabriele D'Annunzio was billed as the official screenwriter. D'Annunzio had been brought on board to help revise the film once it had been shot, earning the credit by changing the title to Cabiria, changing the name of some of the characters, and rewriting the captions from what Pastrone had done. The three-hour epic movie with its cast of thousands created a sensation throughout Italy. It pioneered epic screen production and foreshadowed the work of D.W. Griffith, Sergei Eisenstein and others.

Vitale De Stefano brought Salgari's pirates to the big screen in the early 1920s with a series of five films shot over two years, including Il corsaro nero The Black Corsair and La Regina dei caraibi (The Queen of the Caribbean). Lex Barker appeared as the tiger hunter Tremal-Naik in the 1955 B-movie The Mystery of The Black Jungle. Sandokan was played by Hercules star Steve Reeves in Sandokan the Great and The Pirates of Malaysia aka The Pirates of The Seven Seas. Ray Danton played the pirate in Luigi Capuano's Sandokan Against the Leopard of Sarawak (aka Throne of Vengeance.) and later reprised the role in Sandokan Fights Back (aka The Conqueror and the Empress).

The 1944 Mexican film El corsario negro is based on his novel The Black Corsair.

The 1965 adventure film La montagna di luce (The Mountain of Light) was loosely based on Salgari's 1902 novel of the same title, which referred to the name of the Koh-i-Noor diamond. The film was released in English under several titles, the most commonly known of which was Jungle Adventurer. One of the alternate titles used for a later re-release was Sandok, an attempt to capitalize on the popularity of Salgari's fictional pirate Sandokan, even though neither the novel, nor the film had anything to do with Sandokan's character or the settings of his adventures (the plot revolved around a fictitious attempt to steal the Koh-i-Noor, and took place in 19th-century India).

In 1976, the landmark Sandokan TV miniseries played throughout Europe. It starred Kabir Bedi in the title role and attracted more than 80 million viewers a week. Bedi has been considered the quintessential Sandokan ever since. He later reprised the role in the late 1990s in a series of sequels.


Publishers


Salgari's works have been published by numerous publishing houses worldwide. These include: Donath, Viglongo, Carroccio, RCS MediaGroup, and Mondadori in Italian; Saturnino Calleja, Editorial Porrúa (Colección Sepan Cuantos) and Ediciones Gaviota in Spanish; Editora Illuminuras in Portuguese; Bouquins in French; ABLIT Verlag in German; and ROH Press in English. ROH Press has been republishing the novels in Italian, with their translations into English and Spanish, although these translations are not faithful to the original.


Work available in English


Cover of Il corsaro nero, third edition 1904, illustration by Alberto Della Valle
Cover of Il corsaro nero, third edition 1904, illustration by Alberto Della Valle

Though Salgari's novels have been popular in Europe and Latin America for over a century, at present only nine titles are available in English, translated by Nico Lorenzutti, who's not a translator. Some parts of the translations are not faithful to the original text, as he has made changes to the text without reason.


The Tigers of Malaysia series



The Black Corsair series



Captain Tempesta


Bibliography



The Sandokan series


Le tigri di Mopracem, 1900, cover illustration by Alberto Della Valle
Le tigri di Mopracem, 1900, cover illustration by Alberto Della Valle

The last three tiles were published posthumously.


The Black Corsair series



The Pirates of Bermuda series



Adventures in the Old West series



Other series



Two sailors


Il Fiore delle Perle


I figli dell'aria


Captain Tempesta


Short stories


Adventure anthology

Excerpts from 15 of Salgari's titles were collected in Storie Rosse in 1910. Each excerpt is introduced by a brief synopsis of the novel it was drawn from.


Other adventures



Adventures set in India and Asia



Adventures set in Africa



Adventures set in the desert and the Middle East



Tales of lost cities and great treasures



Adventures set in Russia



Adventures set in the Old West



Adventures set in the lands of ice and snow



Historical Adventures



Survival stories



Adventures on the High Seas



Adventures set during times of war and revolution



Adventures set in Italy



Adventures involving time travel



Autobiographical



References


  1. Brioni, Simone; Comberiati, Daniele (2019-07-18). Simone Brioni and Daniele Comberiati, Italian Science Fiction: The Other in Literature and Film. New York: Palgrave, 2019. ISBN 9783030193263.
  2. Giovanni Arpino, Emilio Salgari, il padre degli eroi, Mondadori 1991
  3. Francesco Troiano. "Biography of Emilio Salgari". Italica Rai. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2014.



На других языках

- [en] Emilio Salgari

[ru] Сальгари, Эмилио

Эмилио Карло Джузеппе Мария Сальга̀ри (итал. Emilio Carlo Giuseppe Maria Salgàri; 21 августа 1862[2][1], Верона, Ломбардо-Венецианское королевство[1] — 25 апреля 1911[1], Турин[1]) — итальянский писатель, автор исторических и приключенческих романов, в том числе о пиратах.


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