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João Pinheiro Chagas (1 September 1863 – 28 May 1925; Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃w̃ piˈɲɐjɾu ˈʃaɡɐʃ]) was a Portuguese politician, literary critic, propagandist, editor, and journalist.[1][2] He was heavily involved in several rebellions condemning the monarchy and disseminating materials via pamphlets and newspaper in support of the Portuguese Republican Party.[3][4] He was among the leaders of the 5 October 1910 revolution and the Lisbon Regicide, and later served as Ambassador to Paris for 14 years and twice as interim prime minister of the Portuguese First Republic.[3][5]

João Chagas
Prime Minister of Portugal
In office 4 September 1911 – 13 November 1911
President	Manuel de Arriaga
Preceded by	Provisional Government
Succeeded by	Augusto de Vasconcelos
Prime Minister-designate of Portugal
In role 15 May 1915 – 29 May 1915
President	Manuel de Arriaga
Preceded by	Constitutional Junta
Succeeded by	José de Castro
Minister-designate of the Interior
In role 15 May 1915 – 29 May 1915
Preceded by	Pedro Gomes Teixera
Succeeded by	José Augusto Ferreira da Silva
Minister of the Interior
In office 4 September 1911 – 12 November 1911
Preceded by	António José de Almeida
Succeeded by	Silvestre Falcão
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office 4 September 1911 – 12 October 1911
Preceded by	Bernardino Machado
Succeeded by	Augusto de Vasconcelos
Personal details
Born	(1863-09-01)1 September 1863 Rio de Janeiro, Neutral Municipality, Empire of Brazil
Died	28 May 1925(1925-05-28) (aged 61) Estoril, Portugal
Political party	Portuguese Republican Party (later Independent)
Occupation	Diplomat, editor, journalist, political critic, politician, writer
Signature

Biography

Early years

Chagas was born 4 September 1863 in Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil to João Pinheiro Chagas and Maria Amélia Rosa Pereira.[3][6] His father was a Portuguese emigrant with ancestral ties to Portuguese refugees from Beiras who fled to Brazil during the Liberal Wars.[7] On his paternal side, Manuel Pinheiro Chagas was his cousin and his son Mário was his first cousin once removed.[7] His mother was an Indigenous American.[7] The family relocated to Lisbon when Chagas was a child and he was orphaned at a young age.[7][1]

Writing career

Chagas could not afford to attend university, so he moved to Porto at age 16 and began his writing career.[7][3] At times, he wrote under the pseudonym João Rimanso or Ivan.[8] His first publication was in O Primeiro de Janeiro in Porto; he later moved back to Lisbon to collaborate with Temps, Correio da Manhã, and O Diá.[3][9][7]

At the end of the 19th century, Chagas founded La Marseillaise (1896—1898), O Berro (1896), Branco e Negro (1896—1898), A Paródia (1900—1907), and A República Portuguesa,[7][5] and became director of Brazilian newspaper O Paiz (1898) and the Portuguese publications A Lanterna (1899) and Batalha (1900).[3][7] While incarcerated in Angola, he headed the prison's newspaper (1896—1897).[7] La Marseillaise closed in 1898 due to censorship laws and Chagas' known allegiance to the Republican Party.[7] When he returned from exile, he founded A Portuguesa (1893), which he considered a revival of La Marseillaise.[5]

All of the newspapers he founded, directed, and contributed to were anti-monarchy propaganda tools; his articles were extremely controversial and led to him being arrested several times.[5][4]

Political activism

During his early years in Porto, he met and befriended several members of Life's Vanquished.[5] He became more critical and more deeply involved with the Republican Party as a result.[5] In 1891, he published an article in A República Portuguesa that was controversial enough to get him arrested and jailed for 10 days.[6] Within days, he participated in and helped plan a rebellion, and his sentence was increased to 4 years in prison or 6 years in exile.[5][3][10] Chagas was originally bound for Luanda but was transferred to Moçâmedes after one day.[10] He escaped within a few months and traveled to Paris before returning to Portugal in 1892, where he was arrested again.[10][6] While in prison, he continued petition against governmental oppression of rights and wrote extensively about his experiences, making him the only primary source from a Portuguese prisoner from that period.[10][5]

He was freed from prison in 1893 due to an amnesty resulting from the 1890 British Ultimatum.[9] He lived in Porto, Brazil, and Madrid for varying lengths of time before being arrested again in 1896, and again in 1908 for his involvement in the Lisbon Regicide.[7][5][6] He participated in the 5 October 1910 revolution not long after.[9]

Political career

The Portuguese First Republic was established in 1910, and Chagas' governmental career began.[5] His first role was an ambassador to Paris; he did, however, resign twice due to political disagreements with his supervisors.[5][9] He served as both prime minister and Interior Minister for 70 days in late 1911 and again in 1915.[3][9][1] While in Paris, he continued to keep a critical eye on Portugal's political decision-making.[1] During the Republic's early days, Chagas met with Sir Lancelot Carnegie of Britain, Portuguese War Minister Freire de Andrade, and French diplomat Émile Daeschner to keep himself informed.[1] He was very critical of Portugal's lack of involvement when World War I broke out and was one of the delegates who led the Republic to join the war in 1916.[5][1]

Final years and death

Following the 1915 May 14 Revolt, Chagas was nominated to succeed Manuel de Arriaga's role as president of Portugal.[5] Senator João José de Freitas disagreed with this decision and attempted to assassinated him.[3] He shot several times at a car Chagas was traveling in with his wife in Entroncamento.[3][9] Chagas' head was shaved and he lost an eye in the attack.[9] He withdrew from politics during his recovery and turned down the presidential nomination, preferring instead to continue working as an ambassador in Paris.[6][5] He kept this role until he retired in 1924, with the exception of 1917—1918 during the period of Sidónism.[9][1][5] Chagas died on 28 May 1925 in Estoril, Cascais, Portugal.[3][5]

He died of aortitis and is buried in the Alto de São João Cemetery.[11]

Honours

Chagas served as part of the Portuguese delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference and the League of Nations.[9][5] He was also a co-founder of the Portuguese Association of Journalists and the Porto Men of Letters, and became a Freemason in 1896.[12][3] In 1919, he was awarded a Gold Cross from the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword.[5]

He is the namesake for a road in Lisbon and a garden in Porto.[13][14]

Bibliography

During his lifetime, Chagas wrote at least 15 books and many more journal articles and pamphlets:[4]

Year	Original title	Title in English (Approx.)
1894	Diario de um condemnado politico	Diary of a Political Convict
1897	De Bond. Algunas aspectos da civilisaçaõ brasileira	Some aspects of Brazilian culture
	O crime da sociedade	Society's crime
1898	Na Brecha (Pamphletos)	The Gap (Pamphlets)
1900	Trabalhos forçado	Forced labour
1905	Bom-Humor	Good spirits
	Homens e Factos 1902—1904	Men and Facts 1902—1904
1906	As minhas razões	My reasons
	Posta-restante (Cartas a toda a genta)	Remaining notes (Letters to everyone
	Vida Litteraria (ideias e sensacoes	Literary life: Ideas and sensations
1907	João Franco. 1906—1907
1908	1908. Subsidios criticos para a historia da dictadura	1908. Critical subsidies for the history of the dictatorship
1908—1910	Cartas Politicas	Political notes
1915	A ultima crise. Comentários a situação da Republica Portuguesa	The last crisis: Comementary on the Portuguese Republic
	Portugal perante a Guerra. Subsidios para uma pagina da Historia Nacional	Portugal before the war. Subsidies for a page in National History

In 1929, four years after his death, Diario de João Chagas was published.[4] He wrote the prefaces for Guedes d'Oliveira's 1890 Gazetilhas; and Luciano Fataça's 1895 A revolução de Cuba.[4] He co-wrote Historia da revolta do Porto de 31 de Janeiro de 1891 (depoimento de dois cúmplices) with Ex-Tenente Coelho.[4] He was also a translator; works included prose from Jacques Offenbach's operetta Os Bandidos and Adolphe d'Ennery's play Martyr.[5][4]

References

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