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Sylvain Maréchal (15 August 1750 – 18 January 1803) was a French essayist, poet, philosopher and political theorist, whose views presaged utopian socialism and communism.[1] His views on a future golden age are occasionally described as utopian anarchism. He was editor of the newspaper Révolutions de Paris.
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Early life
Born in Paris as the son of a wine merchant, he studied jurisprudence and became a lawyer in the capital. At the age of 20, he published Bergeries, a collection of idylls, successful enough to ensure his employment at the Collège Mazirin as an aide-librarian.
Maréchal was an admirer of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, Claude Adrien Helvétius, and Denis Diderot, and associated with deist and atheist authors.
Vision
He developed his own views of an agrarian socialism where all goods would be shared. In Fragments d'un poème moral sur Dieu ("Fragments of a Moral Poem on God"), he aimed to replace elements of practiced religion with a cult of Virtue and faith with Reason (see Cult of Reason).
His critique of both religion and political absolutism (Livre échappé du déluge - "Book Salvaged from the Flood", a parody of the Bible) and his atheism caused him to lose his position at the College; Maréchal was forced to live off his literary output.
In 1788, he was sentenced to four months in prison for publishing the Almanach des Honnêtes Gens ("Honest Man's Almanac"). The months were given names numbered one through twelve (for example, March is the first month, listed as "mars ou princeps", while February is "février ou duodécembre". The calendar also replaced the usual figures of a calendars of saints with famous characters (such as Blaise Pascal). Later editions of the Almanach used the French Republican Calendar.[2][3][4] From this moment on until his death he published anonymously - to prevent further prosecutions.
Atheist ideology
During Maréchal's lifetime, atheism was consistently frowned upon by the highly religious people of France. Living in a traditionalist Christian country, he would often write about his thoughts on the church, often critical of the doctrines and beliefs held by the Christians of his time.
In his 1799 essay, Preliminary discourse, or Answer to the question: What is an atheist?, Sylvain Maréchal proclaimed that he had no more need of God than God needed him, and proclaimed such an attitude was "true atheism" after rejecting several competing stances.[5] He outright rejected the idea of masters ruling his life, and that included the will of any god. For him, to believe in God is to submit to hierarchy.
Revolution
An enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, Maréchal also advocated the defense of the poor. He did not become involved in the conflict opposing Girondists and Jacobins, and became instead worried about the outcome of revolutionary events, especially after the Thermidorian Reaction and the establishment of the French Directory. The encounter between him and François-Noël Babeuf (Gracchus Babeuf) and involvement in the latter's conspiracy was to find in Maréchal an early influence on utopian socialism, as evidenced by the manifesto he wrote in support of Babeuf's goals - Manifeste des Egaux (first issued in 1796).
His later works include an 1801 Projet de loi portant défense d'apprendre à lire aux femmes ("Bill Defending the Teaching of Reading Skills to Women"), which relates to subject matter of women's studies and egalitarianism, as well as a Dictionnaire des Athées anciens et modernes ("Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Atheists"). He died at Montrouge in 1803.
Works
- Bergeries (1770)
- Chansons anacréontiques (1770)
- Essais de poésies légères suivis d'un songe (1775)
- Fragments d'un poème moral sur Dieu (1780)
- Dieu et les prêtres
- Fragments d'un poème philosophique (1781)
- L'Âge d'Or (1782)
- Livre échappé du déluge (1784)
- Almanach des Honnêtes Gens (1788)
- Costumes civils de tous les peuples connus (1788)
- Apologues modernes, à l'usage d'un dauphin (1788)
- Dame Nature à la barre de l'Assemblée nationale (1791)
- Jugement dernier des rois (théâtre, 1793)
- Pensées libres sur les prêtres (1798)
- Le Lucrèce Français (1798)
- Culte et lois d'une société d'hommes sans Dieu (1798)
- Les Voyages de Pythagore (1799)
- Dictionnaire des Athées anciens et modernes (1800)
- Pour et contre la Bible (1801).
- Manifeste des Égaux (1801)
Works in English translation
- The Woman Priest: A Translation of Sylvain Marechal's Novella, "La femme abbe" , translated by Sheila Delany, 2016, University of Alberta Press.[6]
See also
- Society of the Friends of Truth
- History of Socialism
References
- Hunt, Lynn (4 July 2013). Family Romance of the French Revolution. doi:10.4324/9781315003306. ISBN 9781315003306.
- Google books: Archives
- Literary works
- Almanach des honnêtes gens, pour l'année M.DCCCI.
- "Preliminary discourse, or Answer to the question: What is an atheist?". Marxist Internet Archive.
- The Woman Priest: A Translation of Sylvain Marechal's Novella, La femme abbe. Waterstones.
External links
- Sylvain Maréchal's essays translated in English at Marxist Internet Archive
- Sylvain Maréchal on data.bnf.fr
- Works by Sylvain Maréchal at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Sylvain Maréchal at Internet Archive
- Archive of Pierre Sylvain Maréchal Papers at the International Institute of Social History
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На других языках
- [en] Sylvain Maréchal
[es] Sylvain Maréchal
Sylvain Maréchal (15 de agosto de 1750 — 18 de enero de 1803) fue un ensayista, poeta, ateo y activista político de la Revolución francesa. Fue un agrarista y anarquista precursor del socialismo utópico del comunismo y del feminismo . Participó en la Conspiración de los Iguales para la que redactó el Manifeste des Égaux ("Manifiesto de los Iguales", 1796) en que proclama la igualdad ecónómica y de goces de todos los hombres y las mujeres, así como la abolición de la propiedad privada y de toda diferencia económica y de género. También fue editor del periódico Révolutions de Paris.[fr] Sylvain Maréchal
Pierre Sylvain Maréchal, né le 15 août 1750 à Paris, et mort le 18 janvier 1803 (28 nivôse de l'an XI) à Montrouge, est un écrivain, poète et pamphlétaire français. Militant républicain, passionné par l’égalité sociale, c'est un précurseur de la grève générale et de l’anarchisme[1].[ru] Марешаль, Пьер Сильвен
Пьер Сильве́н Мареша́ль (фр. Pierre Sylvain Maréchal; 15 августа 1750, Париж — 18 января 1803, Монруж, Франция) — французский философ, писатель и политический деятель[1][2]. Участник утопически-коммунистического «Заговора Равных» Гракха Бабёфа.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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