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Jan Švankmajer (Czech: [ˈjan ˈʃvaŋkmajɛr]; born 4 September 1934) is a Czech filmmaker and artist whose work spans several media. He is a self-labeled surrealist known for his stop-motion animations and features, which have greatly influenced other artists such as Terry Gilliam, the Brothers Quay, and many others.[1]

Jan Švankmajer
Jan Švankmajer in 2018
Born	(1934-09-04) 4 September 1934 (age 88) Prague, Czechoslovakia
Occupation	Film director, artist
Years active	1964–present
Spouse	Eva Švankmajerová
Children	2

Life and career

Early life

Švankmajer was born in Prague. An early influence on his later artistic development was a puppet theatre he was given for Christmas as a child. He studied at the College of Applied Arts in Prague and later in the Department of Puppetry at the Prague Academy of Performing Arts, where he befriended Juraj Herz. He contributed to Emil Radok's film Johanes doctor Faust in 1958 and then began working for Prague's Semafor Theatre where he founded the Theatre of Masks. He then moved on to the Laterna Magika multimedia theatre, where he renewed his association with Radok.

As a filmmaker

This theatrical experience is reflected in Švankmajer's first film The Last Trick, which was released in 1964. Under the influence of theoretician Vratislav Effenberger, Švankmajer moved from the mannerism of his early work to classic surrealism, first manifested in his film The Garden (1968), and joined the Czechoslovak Surrealist Group.[2]

Švankmajer has gained a reputation over several decades for his distinctive use of stop-motion technique, and his ability to make surreal, nightmarish, and yet somehow funny pictures. Švankmajer's trademarks include very exaggerated sounds, often creating a very strange effect in all eating scenes. He often uses fast-motion sequences when people walk or interact. His movies often involve inanimate objects being brought to "life" through stop motion. Many of his films also include clay objects in stop motion, otherwise known as claymation. Food is a common subject and medium. Švankmajer also uses pixilation in many of his films, including Food (1992) and Conspirators of Pleasure (1996).

Stop-motion features in most of his work, though his feature films have included much more live-action sequences than animation.

Many of his movies, like the short film Down to the Cellar, are made from a child's perspective, while at the same time often having a truly disturbing and even aggressive nature. In 1972 the communist authorities banned him from making films, and many of his later films were suppressed.[3][4] He was almost unknown in the West until the early 1980s. Writing in The New York Times, Andrew Johnston praised Švankmajer's artistry, stating "while his films are rife with cultural and scientific allusions, his unusual imagery possesses an accessibility that feels anchored in the shared language of the subconscious, making his films equally rewarding to the culturally hyperliterate and to those who simply enjoy visual stimulation."[5]

Among his best known works are the feature films Alice (1988), Faust (1994), Conspirators of Pleasure (1996), Little Otik (2000) and Lunacy (2005), a surreal comic horror based on two works of Edgar Allan Poe and the life of Marquis de Sade. The two stories by Poe, "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" and "The Premature Burial", provide Lunacy its thematic focus, whereas the life of Marquis de Sade provides the film's blasphemy. His short film Dimensions of Dialogue (1982) was selected by Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time.[6] His films have been called "as emotionally haunting as Kafka's stories."[7] In 2010 he released Surviving Life, a live-action and cutout animation story about a married man who meets another woman in his dreams.

His most recent release is called Insects (Hmyz).[8] It had a projected budget of 40 million CZK, which was partially funded through an Indiegogo campaign which reached more than double its goal, and was released in January 2018.[8] The film is based on the play Pictures from the Insects' Life by Josef and Karel Čapek, which Švankmajer describes as following: "From the Life of Insects is a misanthropic play. My screenplay only extends this misanthropy, as man is more like an insect and this civilisation is more like an anthill. One should also remember the message in Kafka’s Metamorphosis."[9][8]

His life's works, inimitable style and voice have had far-reaching influences on the world of animation. Those whose work he has influenced include Brothers Quay, Caroline Leaf, Vera Neubauer, Terry Gilliam, Tomasz Bagiński, Nina Gantz and Phil Lord and Christopher Miller among many others.

He won the Golden Bear for Best Short Film at the Berlin International Film Festival in 1983 for Dimensions of Dialogue.

In 2000, Švankmajer received Lifetime Achievement Award at the World Festival of Animated Film - Animafest Zagreb.[10]

On 27 July 2013 he received the Innovation & Creativity Prize by Circolino dei Films, an independent Italian cultural organization.

On 10 July 2014, he received the 2014 FIAF Award during a special ceremony of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.

On 27 September 2018, he received the Raymond Roussel Society Medal in recognition of his extraordinary contribution: an inspiring, unique and universal work.

He was married to Eva Švankmajerová, an internationally known surrealist painter, ceramicist, and writer until her death in October 2005. Švankmajerová collaborated on several of her husband's movies, including Alice, Faust, and Otesánek. They had two children, Veronika (b. 1963) and Václav (b. 1975, an animator).

Filmography

Feature-length films

Year	English title	Original title	Notes
1988	Alice	Něco z Alenky	Based on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll
1994	Faust	Lekce Faust	Based on the Faust legend (including traditional Czech puppet show versions), Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, and Goethe's Faust.
1996	Conspirators of Pleasure	Spiklenci slasti
2000	Little Otik	Otesánek	Based on Otesánek by Karel Jaromír Erben
2005	Lunacy	Šílení	Based on The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether and The Premature Burial by Edgar Allan Poe
2010	Surviving Life	Přežít svůj život
2018[11]	Insects	Hmyz	Based on Pictures from the Insects' Life by Karel Čapek and Josef Čapek

Short films

Year	English title	Original title	Notes
1964	The Last Trick	Poslední trik pana Schwarcewalldea a pana Edgara
1965	Johann Sebastian Bach: Fantasy in G minor	Johann Sebastian Bach: Fantasia G-moll
1965	A Game with Stones	Spiel mit Steinen
1966	Punch and Judy	Rakvičkárna	Also known as The Coffin Factory and The Lych House
1966	Et Cetera
1967	Historia Naturae (Suita)
1968	The Garden	Zahrada
1968	The Flat	Byt	Available on the Little Otik DVD. Included in the Metropolitan Museum's "Surrealism Beyond Borders" exhibit (2021-22)
1968	Picnic with Weissmann	Picknick mit Weissmann
1969	A Quiet Week in the House	Tichý týden v domě
1970	Don Juan	Don Šajn
1970	The Ossuary	Kostnice	A documentary about the Sedlec Ossuary
1971	Jabberwocky	Žvahlav aneb šatičky slaměného Huberta	Based on Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll
1972	Leonardo's Diary	Leonardův deník
1973–79	Castle of Otranto	Otrantský zámek	Based on The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole
1980	The Fall of the House of Usher	Zánik domu Usherů	Based on The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe
1982	Dimensions of Dialogue	Možnosti dialogu
1983	Down to the Cellar	Do pivnice
1983	The Pendulum, the Pit and Hope	Kyvadlo, jáma a naděje	Based on The Pit and the Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe and A Torture by Hope by Auguste Villiers de L'Isle-Adam
1988	Virile Games	Mužné hry	Also known as The Male Game
1988	Another Kind of Love		Music video for Hugh Cornwell
1988	Meat Love	Zamilované maso
1989	Darkness/Light/Darkness	Tma, světlo, tma
1989	Flora
1989	Animated Self-Portraits		Anthology film by 27 animators
1990	The Death of Stalinism in Bohemia	Konec stalinismu v Čechách
1992	Food	Jídlo

Animation and art direction

Year	English title	Original title	Director
1978	Dinner for Adele	Adéla ještě nevečeřela	Oldřich Lipský
1981	The Mysterious Castle in the Carpathians	Tajemství hradu v Karpatech	Oldřich Lipský
1982	Ferat Vampire	Upír z Feratu	Juraj Herz
1983	Visitors	Návštěvníci	Jindřich Polák
1984	Three Veterans	Tři veteráni	Oldřich Lipský

Bibliography

• Peter Hames, Dark Alchemy: The Films of Jan Švankmajer. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1995 ISBN 978-0275952990
• Eva Švankmajerová; Jan Švankmajer (1998). Anima Animus Animation - Evašvankmajerjan. Arbor vitae. ISBN 80-901964-4-6.
• Jan Švankmajer (2004). Transmutace smyslů / Transmutation of the Senses. Metrostav. ISBN 8090225837.
• Bertrand Schmitt, František Dryje, Švankmajer, Dimensions of dialogue. Between Film and Fine Art. Prague: Arbor Vitae, 2012 ISBN 978-8074670169
• Jan Švankmajer (2014). Touching and Imagining: An Introduction to Tactile Art. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781780761473.

See also

• Jiří Trnka, Czech animator and puppeteer
• Karel Zeman, Czech animator and filmmaker
• Jiří Barta, Czech stop motion animator
• Ladislaw Starewich, Polish animator and puppeteer
• The Torchbearer, a film by Jan Švankmajer´s son, Václav
• List of stop motion films

References

Further reading

• Peter Hames (1995). Dark Alchemy: The Films of Jan Svankmajer. Praeger Paperback. ISBN 0-275-95299-1.
• Peter Hames (2007). The Cinema of Jan Svankmajer: Dark Alchemy (Directors' Cuts). Wallflower Press. ISBN 978-1905674459.
• Bertrand Schmitt; František Dryje, eds. (2012). Jan Švankmajer. Dimensions of Dialogue / Between Film and Fine Art. Arbor vitae. ISBN 978-80-7467-016-9.
• Michael Richardson (2006). "Jan Svankmajer and the Life of Objects". Surrealism and Cinema. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 9781845202262.
• Keith Leslie Johnson (2017). Jan Švankmajer: Animist Cinema. University of Illinois Press.

External links

• Jan Švankmajer at IMDb
• The Animation of Jan Svankmajer at Keyframe - the Animation Resource
• Overview of his work
• Jan Švankmajer - PL (in Polish)
• On Svankmajer's Faust
• The Works of Jan Svankmajer
• Downing the Folk-Festive: Menacing Meals in the Films of Jan Svankmajer
• Czech Animation, private blog
• An article and filmography on Svankmajer
• Review of Dimensions of Dialogue, The Ossuary, Food and Death of Stalinism

На других языках

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- [en] Jan Švankmajer

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[es] Jan Švankmajer

Jan Švankmajer (Praga, Checoslovaquia, 4 de septiembre de 1934) es un artista y creador cinematográfico checo, de temática principalmente surrealista. Es conocido sobre todo por su trabajo creativo en el campo de la animación, donde mezcla diferentes técnicas, como el stop motion y el rodaje en imagen real, para crear obras inquietantes y sugestivas que pueden ser interpretadas de diferentes formas.[1]

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[ru] Шванкмайер, Ян

Ян Шванкмайер (чеш. Jan Švankmajer; род. 4 сентября 1934, Прага) — чешский кинорежиссёр, сценарист, художник, сценограф, скульптор, аниматор.

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