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Castle in the Sky (Japanese: 天空の城ラピュタ, Hepburn: Tenkuu no Shiro Laputa), titled Laputa: Castle in the Sky for release in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, is a 1986 Japanese animated fantasy adventure film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki.[1][2] The first film produced by Studio Ghibli, it was produced for Tokuma Shoten. Set in a fictional late 19th century, it follows the adventures of a boy and girl who are trying to keep a powerful crystal from the army, a group of secret agents, and a family of pirates, while searching for a legendary floating castle. The film was distributed by Toei Company.[3]

This article is about the Japanese 1986 film. For other uses, see Castles in the Sky (disambiguation).

Castle in the Sky
Theatrical release poster
Japanese天空の城ラピュタ
HepburnTenkuu no Shiro Laputa
Directed byHayao Miyazaki
Written byHayao Miyazaki
Produced byIsao Takahata
StarringMayumi Tanaka
Keiko Yokozawa
Kotoe Hatsui
Minori Terada
CinematographyHirokata Takahashi
Edited byTakeshi Seyama
Yoshihiro Kasahara
Music byJoe Hisaishi
Production
company
Studio Ghibli
Distributed byToei Company
Release date
  • August 2, 1986 (1986-08-02)
Running time
124 minutes
CountryJapan
LanguageJapanese
Budget¥500 million ($3 million)
Box office$16 million

The film won the Animage Anime Grand Prix in 1986. The film received positive reviews and grossed over $16 million at the box office. It went on to gross a total of approximately $157 million in box office, home video and soundtrack sales, as of 2021.[4] In Japanese polls asking about the greatest animations, it was voted the second-best animated film at the 2006 Japan Media Arts Festival and was voted first place in a 2008 Oricon audience poll. Castle in the Sky has had a strong influence on Japanese popular culture, and has inspired numerous films, media and games, in Japan and internationally.[5][6] It has been cited as an influential classic in the steampunk and dieselpunk genres.[2][7]


Plot


An airship carrying Sheeta—an orphan girl abducted by government agent Muska—is attacked by Captain Dola and her air pirate sons, seeking Sheeta's blue crystal pendant. Trying to escape, Sheeta falls from the airship but, thanks to the amulet, she floats to earth, unconscious. An orphan boy named Pazu catches her and takes her to his home in a mining town. Pazu shows her a picture of a legendary floating city, Laputa, taken by his late father. When Dola's pirates and Muska's men appear and pursue them, Pazu and Sheeta, aided by the amulet, fall into an abandoned mine, where she tells how she was kidnapped from her mountain home because of her necklace. Old miner Uncle Pom shows them the glowing deposits of Aetherium[8] around them.

Leaving the mine, Sheeta tells Pazu her full name - Lucita Toel Ul Laputa - revealing her as a descendant of the Laputan royal family. Muska captures them and takes them to his fortress where the children are imprisoned in different rooms. Muska shows Sheeta a broken Laputan robot; knowing her name, he intends to make her reveal Laputa's location. Muska threatens Pazu; for his own safety, Sheeta orders him to leave. A despondent Pazu returns home, where Dola and her sons await. To rescue Sheeta, Pazu joins them.

Sheeta recites a spell her grandmother taught her, unintentionally activating the amulet and the robot, which wreaks havoc until it is destroyed by the military's huge airship, Goliath. Pazu rescues Sheeta, but Muska obtains the amulet. Pazu, Sheeta and the pirates return to their airship and pursue the Goliath, which is navigating by Sheeta's amulet. Along the way, Dola tells Pazu and Sheeta how to turn the lookout into a kite, giving them a higher vantage point. Pazu spots a swirl of clouds in an approaching hurricane. Recognizing the clouds from his father's stories, he tells Dola they have found Laputa and insists that they head toward the eye of the storm. However, the Goliath appears, damages the pirate ship and severs the lookout kite from it, sending Pazu and Sheeta into the clouds.

Sheeta and Pazu safely reach Laputa, where they find plants and animals thriving in the ruins of the castle, which surround a huge tree. However, the army plunders the city, with the pirates as their captives. Muska captures Sheeta while Pazu frees the pirates. Muska takes Sheeta into the center of Laputa, a vast repository of scientific knowledge where an immense crystal powers the city. Muska reveals his real name, “Romuska Palo Ul Laputa", another member of the royal line that left Laputa centuries ago. Using Sheeta's crystal to access Laputan technology, he unleashes Laputa's secret weapon of mass destruction and a dormant robot army, destroys the Goliath and its crew, and declares his plans to conquer the world. Horrified, Sheeta steals back the amulet and flees. She gives the amulet to Pazu through a gap in the wall but is cornered by a pursuing Muska in Laputa's dilapidated throne room.

Sheeta rebukes Muska, also revealing the people of Laputa left because they realized that man was meant to live on earth. Undaunted, Muska threatens to kill her unless she gives him the amulet. Pazu arrives and asks to speak with her, and Muska grants them one minute.[9] Sheeta and Pazu recite a Spell of Destruction connected to the crystal, causing the center of Laputa to collapse and blinding Muska, who falls to his death offscreen, while the children are protected by the tree roots. The remainder of Laputa's ruins ascend until they disappear from view, supported by its crystal. Pazu and Sheeta take the kite to rendezvous with the pirates before both groups part ways.

Amidst the end credits, Laputa is shown floating in stationary orbit above Earth.


Cast


Character name Original cast English dubbing actor
(Magnum/Tokuma/Streamline, 1989)		 English dubbing actor
(Disney, 1998/2003)
PazuMayumi TanakaBarbara Goodson (as Bertha Greene)James Van Der Beek
Sheeta (Princess Lucita Toel Ul Laputa)[10]Keiko YokozawaLara Cody (as Louise Chambell)Anna Paquin
Debi Derryberry (young)
Captain DolaKotoe HatsuiRachel VanowenCloris Leachman
Colonel Muska (Romuska Palo Ul Laputa)Minori TeradaJeff Winkless (as Jack Witte)Mark Hamill
General MouroIchirō NagaiMike Reynolds (as Mark Richards)Jim Cummings
Uncle PomFujio TokitaEdward Mannix (as Cyn Branch)Richard Dysart
CharlesTakuzō KamiyamaBarry Stigler (as Bob Stuart)Michael McShane
LouisYoshito YasuharaDave Mallow (as Colin Phillips)Mandy Patinkin
HenriSukekiyo KamiyamaEddie Frierson (as Ernest Fessler)Andy Dick
Mr. Duffi (Boss)Hiroshi ItoClifton Wells (as Charles Wilson)John Hostetter
OkamiMachiko WashioLara Cody (as Louise Chambell)Tress MacNeille
MadgeTarakoBarbara Goodson (as Bertha Greene)Debi Derryberry
MotroRyūji SaikachiClifton Wells (as Charles Wilson)Eddie Frierson
Train OperatorTomomichi NishimuraDaniel FosterMatt K. Miller

Development


Miyazaki's earlier anime series Future Boy Conan (1978) featured a number of elements that he later adapted for Castle in the Sky. Conan and Lana, for example, were forerunners of Pazu and Sheeta, and it had similarities to Sheeta's rescue by Pazu.[11] Some of the characters and themes in Future Boy Conan set the blueprint for Castle in the Sky.[6] The name "Laputa" is derived from Jonathan Swift's novel Gulliver's Travels, wherein Swift's Laputa is also a flying island propelled by a giant central crystal and controlled by its citizens. Anthony Lioi feels that Miyazaki's Laputa: Castle in the Sky is similar to Swift's Laputa, where the technological superiority of the castle in the sky is used for political ends.[12]

Miyazaki, through the dialog of Colonel Muska, credited Laputa as having informed Biblical and Hindu legends—thus tying the world of Laputa to the real Earth (including Western and Eastern civilizations)—as do Miyazaki's choices of the medieval castle architecture on the ground; the Gothic and half-timbered buildings in the village near the fort; the Welsh mining-town architecture, clothing, and ground vehicles of Pazu's homeland; and the Victorian ambiance of the pirate ship. The film also features the use of ancient Babylonian cuneiform script on Laputa's interactive panels and tombstones; and makes references to the Hindu epic Ramayana, including "Indra's arrow", while the name Sheeta may be related to Sita, the protagonist of the Ramayana.[13] The flying city of Laputa has an architectural design resembling the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon, including ziggurat-like structures,[14] and with murals resembling ancient Egyptian and Assyrian art.[15]

Some of the architecture seen in the film was inspired by a Welsh mining town. Miyazaki first visited Wales in 1984 and witnessed the miners' strike firsthand. He returned to the country in 1986 to prepare for Laputa, which he said reflected his Welsh experience: "I was in Wales just after the miners' strike. I really admired the way the miners' unions fought to the very end for their jobs and communities, and I wanted to reflect the strength of those communities in my film."[16] Miyazaki told The Guardian, "I admired those men, I admired the way they battled to save their way of life, just as the coal miners in Japan did. Many people of my generation see the miners as a symbol; a dying breed of fighting men. Now they are gone."[17]

Except for the technology of Laputa itself, the technologies (especially the flying machines) are an example of the retrofuturistic genre of steampunk.[2] Telecom Animation Film, and Oh! Production helped animate the film.

The film had a production budget of ¥500 million, at the time equivalent to $3,000,000 (equivalent to $7,400,000 in 2021), making it the most expensive anime film up until then.[18] It matched the budget record of Miyazaki's Lupin III film Castle of Cagliostro (1979), and it was in turn surpassed a year later by Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise (1987).[19]


Release and distribution


The film was released in Japan on August 2, 1986, by the Toei Company, which also released Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. In the late 1980s, an English dubbed version, produced by Magnum Video Tape and Dubbing[20] for international Japan Airlines flights at the request of Tokuma Shoten, was briefly screened in the United States by Streamline Pictures. Carl Macek, the head of Streamline, was disappointed with this dub, deeming it "adequate, but clumsy".[21] Following this, Tokuma allowed Streamline to dub their future acquisitions My Neighbor Totoro and Kiki's Delivery Service. In UK, the premiere took place on August 12, 1987 on MTV Europe in its own dubbing.[22][23] The original dub of Castle in the Sky is also seen on the 1996 Ghibli ga Ippai Laserdisc set, and on the first Japanese DVD release. The initial Japanese DVD release is now out of print and the subsequent re-release in 2014 replaces it with the Disney dubbed version.

The English dub produced by Walt Disney Pictures was recorded in 1998 and planned for release on video in 1999, but the release was cancelled after Princess Mononoke (1997) did not fare as well in the US as Japan, and so Laputa's release date was pushed back yet again; on occasion the completed dub was screened at select children's festivals. The film was finally released on DVD and video in the US on April 15, 2003, alongside a rerelease of Kiki's Delivery Service and Spirited Away.[24] As with Mononoke and Kiki, critical opinion was mixed about the new dub, but Cloris Leachman and Mark Hamill's performances as Dola and Muska drew praise.[25] Laputa was reissued on American home video on March 2, 2010, as a tribute accompanying the home video release of Ponyo. The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray in North America on May 22, 2012, alongside Whisper of the Heart and The Secret World of Arrietty. Shout! Factory and GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on October 31, 2017.[26]

The film received a re-screening on May 22, 2011, in Aberystwyth as part of a charity fund for Japan. The print shown was the original theatrical Japanese print with English subtitles. For a special promotion, it went back into US theaters November 18–20, 2018, with the widest release at 648 theaters.[27][28]


Box office


At the Japanese box office, the film grossed ¥1.16 billion,[29] at the time equivalent to US$8,100,000 (equivalent to $20,000,000 in 2021).[30] In Hong Kong, the film's 1987 release grossed HK$13.1 million,[31] at the time equivalent to US$1,679,853 (equivalent to $4,000,000 in 2021).[32] In the United Kingdom, the film's 2012 release grossed $327,559 in its first week.[33] In the United States, the film's 2018 limited release grossed $523,664. In other territories, the film's 2003 release grossed $5,434,627, including $4,670,084 in France alone.[34] This adds up to a combined worldwide box office gross of $16,065,703.

In terms of box office admissions, the film sold about 800,000 tickets in Japan[35] and 1,066,427 tickets in Europe.[36] Combined, about 1,866,427 tickets were sold in Japan and Europe.


Home media


By 2003, Laputa: Castle in the Sky had sold 1.612 million VHS and DVD units in Japan.[37][38] At an average retail price of ¥4,600 (¥4,700 on DVD and ¥4,500 on VHS),[39] this is equivalent to approximately ¥7,415 million ($93 million) in estimated Japanese sales revenue as of 2012.

In the United States, the 2010 DVD release grossed over $10 million in sales revenue as of April 2022.[33]

In the United Kingdom, it was 2019's eighth best-selling foreign language film on home video (below six other Japanese films, including five Miyazaki anime films).[40]


Differences between versions


Although the plot and much of the script was left intact, Disney's English dub of Castle in the Sky contains some changes:

Although all these alterations were approved by Studio Ghibli and Miyazaki, some critics have called them into question. Regarding the soundtrack, Miyazaki himself is said to have approved of Hisaishi's reworking;[42] his compliments were echoed by several reviewers.[43][44][45]

The 2010 DVD rerelease reverts some of these changes. The updated score and sound mix are replaced by the originals in the Japanese-language audio, retaining the updates in the dub. Some of the added dialogue is removed in the dub, restoring silence where it is in the original Japanese version. However, the English subtitles are not updated to reflect the trimmed dialogue, which sometimes results in text being displayed when no characters are speaking. These changes are also seen in the 2012 US Blu-ray release. For the Japanese, Australian, and British Blu-rays, the updated score is used, and the subtitles are properly timed, literal translations from the original Japanese, rather than the improperly timed dubtitles.

The 2017 Blu-ray rerelease by GKIDS, besides offering the original Japanese, features the 2010 edit of the English dub but presents the option of playing it with either the original or the new score. For subtitles, the correctly translated from Japanese to English subtitles are added. The HBO Max release of the English dub only uses the original score. In the film's release on Netflix, the Japanese audio features the original audio mix and score, while the English audio features the updated audio mix and score. Subtitles are only available for the original Japanese audio.


Music


Castle in the Sky
Soundtrack album by
Joe Hisaishi
ReleasedAugust 25, 1986
Genre
  • Anime music
  • Film score
Length39:17
LabelTokuma
ProducerJoe Hisaishi
Joe Hisaishi chronology
Arion
(1985)		 Castle in the Sky
(1986)		 Maison Ikkoku
(1986)

As with all other films by Hayao Miyazaki, Joe Hisaishi composed the music for Castle in the Sky. For the film, Azumi Inoue performed the original song "Carrying You".


Discography


Title Release[46] Sales[47] Revenue (est.)[46]
Castle in the Sky Laputa Image Album ~The Girl Falling From the Sky~
(天空の城ラピュタ イメージアルバム 〜空から降ってきた少女〜)		 May 25, 1986 155,000 ¥387,500,000
Castle in the Sky Laputa Soundtrack ~Flight Mystery of the Stone~
(天空の城ラピュタ サウンドトラック　〜飛行石の謎〜)		 August 25, 1986 380,000 ¥950,000,000
Castle in the Sky Laputa Symphony Version ~ Tree (天空の城ラピュタ シンフォニー編 〜 大樹) January 25, 1987 95,000 ¥237,500,000
"Carrying You" (君をのせて, Kimi wo Nosete) (Azumi Inoue single) March 25, 1988[48] 75,000 ¥73,725,000[48]
Castle in the Sky Laputa Drama ~Light Rebirth!~ (天空の城ラピュタ シンフォニー編 〜光よ甦れ!〜) February 25, 1989 60,000 ¥1,355,840,000
Castle in the Sky Laputa: Hi-Tech Series (天空の城ラピュタ ハイテックシリーズ) November 25, 1989 85,000 ¥212,500,000
Castle in the Sky: Laputa USA Version Soundtrack
(CASTLE IN THE SKY〜天空の城ラピュタ USAヴァージョンサウンドトラック〜)		 October 2, 2002 30,000 ¥75,000,000
Total sales 880,000 ¥3,292,065,000 ($41,258,882)

Reception


According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 96% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "With a storytelling palette as rich and brilliant as its animation, Castle in the Sky thrillingly encapsulates Studio Ghibli's unique strengths."[49] At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[50]

In 2001, the Japanese magazine Animage ranked Laputa:Castle in the Sky 44th in their list of 100 Best Anime Productions of All Time.[51][better source needed] In a 2006 poll of 100 best animations of all time by Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs conducted at the 2006 Japan Media Arts Festival, Castle in the Sky was the second highest-ranked animated film (after Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, and third highest-ranked animation overall on the list (below Neon Genesis Evangelion and Nausicaä).[52] In a 2008 animation audience poll conducted by Oricon in Japan, Laputa: Castle in the Sky was voted first place, above Nausicaä in second place.[53] Andrew Osmond of All the Anime calls Laputa the "best steampunk film" of all time.[54] The film was ranked at number 10 on the list of Greatest Japanese Animated Films of All Time by Japanese film magazine kinema Junpo in 2009.[55]


Awards



Cultural impact


Castle in the Sky has had a strong impact on Japanese popular culture, with the "Laputa Effect" comparable to "a modern day monomyth for Japanese genre films and media."[6][5] Jeff VanderMeer and S.J. Chambers, in The Steampunk Bible, consider the film a milestone in the steampunk genre, calling it "one of the first modern steampunk classics."[2] Archetypal steampunk elements in Laputa include airships, air pirates, steam-powered robots, and a view of steam power as a limitless but potentially dangerous source of power.[56] Philip Boyes of Eurogamer also considers it an influential work in the dieselpunk genre.[7]

The most tweeted moment in the history of Twitter was during one airing of Castle in the Sky on Japanese TV on August 2, 2013, when fans tweeted the word "balus" at the exact time that it was said in an important moment of the movie. There was a global peak of 143,199 tweets in one second.[57]

Castle in the Sky has also had an influence on popular music; the popular jazz-funk band Hiatus Kaiyote has a song called 'Laputa' and its lyrics directly reference the film. Another example of a song directly referencing the film is a song titled 'Laputa' by the indie rock band Panchiko.[58]


Animation and comics


The success of Laputa led to a wave of steampunk anime and manga.[56] A notable example is the anime series Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990).[59] The success of Laputa inspired Hideaki Anno and Studio Gainax to create Nadia, their first hit production, loosely adapting elements from Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, with Captain Nemo making an appearance.[56] In turn, Nadia was influential on later steampunk anime, such as Katsuhiro Otomo's film production Steamboy (2004).[60] Other steampunk anime and manga followed in the wake of Laputa,[56] including Miyazaki's own films Porco Rosso (1992)[61] and Howl's Moving Castle (2004),[56] Sega's anime series Sakura Wars (1997),[56] Square Enix's manga and anime franchise Fullmetal Alchemist (2001),[61][62] and the manga and anime series Elemental Gelade (2002).[56]

Manga author Katsura Hoshino, known for the manga and anime series D.Gray-man, was fascinated by Castle in the Sky to the point where she decided to seek work as an animator when growing up, before she ended up writing manga.[63] Anime filmmaker Yasuhiro Yoshiura described his film Patema Inverted (2013) as his venture into "the world of Laputa and the boy-meets-girl story". Anime filmmaker Makoto Shinkai, known for the hit anime films Your Name (2016) and Weathering With You (2019), cited Laputa as his favourite animation.[54] The anime series No Game No Life (2014) references the film in episode five.

Castle in the Sky influenced a number of animated films from Disney and Pixar. For example, Disney films such as Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001),[59] and Pixar films such as WALL-E (2008)[64] and Up (2009).[65] The French animated film April and the Extraordinary World (2015) was also influenced by Laputa.[54]


Video games


Castle in the Sky has influenced numerous video games, particularly Japanese video games,[6][5][7] with its success leading to a wave of steampunk video games.[56] Game designer Hironobu Sakaguchi cited Laputa as an inspiration behind his Final Fantasy video game series, particularly citing it as an influence on the series' airships.[66] Sega AM2 game designer Yu Suzuki cited Laputa as his original inspiration behind the hit arcade game After Burner (1987).[67] Steel Empire (1992), a shoot 'em up game originally released as Koutetsu Teikoku on the Sega Mega Drive console in Japan and considered to be the first steampunk video game, was inspired by Laputa, helping to propel steampunk into the video game market. This influenced Final Fantasy VI (1994), a Japanese role-playing game developed by Squaresoft, which had a considerable influence on later steampunk video games.[60] Sega's video game franchise Sakura Wars (1996) also followed in the wake of Laputa.[56]

Castle in the Sky also inspired a number of other video games, including the Mega Man Legends series (whose Japanese version, coincidentally, would feature voice acting by Mayumi Tanaka [Pazu] and Keiko Yokozawa [Sheeta] as Rock/Mega Man Volnutt and Roll Caskett, respectively), Zack & Wiki, and Japanese role-playing games such as the Lunar series, Valkyrie Profile (1999), Skies of Arcadia (2000), Steambot Chronicles (2005),[5][6] and Dark Cloud 2 (2002).[68] Laputa also influenced the first-person shooter BioShock Infinite (2013),[69][70] the action-adventure game Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017),[68] and the airships in the Mario and Civilization franchises.[7] It also inspired Mojang to add the Iron Golem mob to Minecraft.


Title


The name "Laputa" comes from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Certain English- and Spanish-language releases have opted to omit the name "Laputa" due to it resembling "la puta" (lit. "the whore") in Spanish.

In 2003, the film's title was shortened to Castle in the Sky in several countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Mexico, and Spain. In Spain the castle was named Lapuntu in the first dub in 2003, although in the second one made in 2010 retains the original name Laputa. In the Catalan dub in 2012, the meaning of Laputa was said with the tonic syllable in "La".

The film's full title was later restored in Britain, in February 2006, when Optimum Asia – a division of London-based Optimum Releasing (StudioCanal UK since 2011) – acquired the UK distribution rights to the Studio Ghibli collection from Buena Vista Home Entertainment.

Additionally, during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the pre-Disney dub was screened in the UK as an art-house film, under the alternative title Laputa: The Flying Island. It also aired at least twice on British television, but with some scenes cut.[71]


See also



Notes



    References


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    2. VanderMeer, Jeff; Chambers, S. J. (2012). The Steampunk Bible: An Illustrated Guide to the World of Imaginary Airships, Corsets and Goggles, Mad Scientists, and Strange Literature. Abrams Books. p. 186. ISBN 9781613121665. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
    3. "Tenkuu no Shiro Laputa". www.bcdb.com, May 13, 2012
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    8. Sheeta's amulet is made of hikōseki (飛行石, "levitation stone") crystal ("Volucite" or "Aetherium" in English-language releases)
    9. (three in the original Japanese version)
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    На других языках

    - [en] Castle in the Sky

    [ru] Небесный замок Лапута

    «Небе́сный за́мок Лапу́та» (яп. 天空の城ラピュタ Тэнку: но сиро Рапюта) — полнометражный аниме-фильм режиссёра Хаяо Миядзаки, снятый студией «Гибли» при поддержке издательства Токума Сётэн  (англ.) (рус. в 1986 году. Он стал первым фильмом студии[2]. Музыку к фильму написал известный японский композитор Дзё Хисаиси. Продюсером выступил Исао Такахата. Идею Лапуты Миядзаки позаимствовал из книги Джонатана Свифта «Путешествия Гулливера», где фигурирует одноимённый летающий остров[3].


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