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A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1951 American Southern Gothic drama film, adapted from Tennessee Williams's Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name. It is directed by Elia Kazan, and stars Vivien Leigh, Marlon Brando, Kim Hunter, and Karl Malden. The film tells the story of a Mississippi Southern belle, Blanche DuBois, who, after encountering a series of personal losses, seeks refuge with her sister and brother-in-law in a dilapidated New Orleans apartment building. The original Broadway production and cast was converted to film, albeit with several changes and sanitizations related to censorship.

A Streetcar Named Desire
Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold
Directed by	Elia Kazan
Screenplay by	Tennessee Williams Elia Kazan Oscar Saul
Based on	A Streetcar Named Desire 1947 play by Tennessee Williams
Produced by	Charles K. Feldman
Starring	Vivien Leigh Marlon Brando Kim Hunter Karl Malden
Cinematography	Harry Stradling
Edited by	David Weisbart
Music by	Alex North
Distributed by	Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date	September 19, 1951 (1951-09-19) (New York)[1]
Running time	125 minutes[2]
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$1.8 million[3]
Box office	$8 million (North America)[3]

Tennessee Williams collaborated with Oscar Saul and Elia Kazan on the screenplay. Kazan, who directed the Broadway stage production, also directed the black and white film. Brando, Hunter, and Malden all reprised their original Broadway roles. Although Jessica Tandy originated the role of Blanche DuBois on Broadway, Vivien Leigh, who had appeared in the London theatre production, was cast in the film adaptation for her star power.[4] Upon release of the film, Marlon Brando, virtually unknown at the time of the play's casting, rose to prominence as a major Hollywood film star, and received the first of four consecutive Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, while Leigh won her second Academy Award for Best Actress for playing DuBois.

The film earned an estimated $4,250,000 at the US and Canadian box office in 1951, making it the fifth biggest hit of the year.[5] It received Oscar nominations in 10 other categories (including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay), and won Best Supporting Actor (Malden), Best Supporting Actress (Hunter), and Best Art Direction (Richard Day, George James Hopkins), making it the first film to win in three of the acting categories. In 1999, A Streetcar Named Desire was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot

Blanche DuBois, a middle-aged high school English teacher, arrives in New Orleans. She takes a streetcar named "Desire"[6] to the French Quarter, where her sister, Stella, and Stella's husband, Stanley Kowalski, live in a tenement apartment. Blanche claims to be on leave from her teaching job due to her nerves and wants to stay with Stella and Stanley. Blanche's demure, refined manner is a stark contrast to Stanley's crude, brutish behavior, making them mutually wary and antagonistic. Stella welcomes having her sister as a guest, but Stanley often patronizes and criticizes her.

Blanche reveals that the family estate, Belle Reve, was lost to creditors, and Blanche is broke with nowhere to go. She was widowed at a young age after her husband's suicide. (The homosexuality of her husband was censored out of the film version.) When Stanley suspects Blanche may be hiding an inheritance, she shows him proof of the foreclosure. Stanley, looking for further proof, knocks some of Blanche's private papers to the floor. Weeping, she gathers them, saying they are poems from her dead husband. Stanley explains he was only looking out for his family, then announces Stella is pregnant.

Blanche meets Stanley's friend, Mitch, whose courteous manner is in sharp contrast to Stanley's other pals. Mitch is attracted to Blanche's flirtatious charm, and a romance blossoms. During a poker night with his friends, Stanley explodes in a drunken rage, striking Stella and ending the game; Blanche and Stella flee upstairs to neighbor Eunice Hubbell's upstairs apartment. After his anger subsides, Stanley remorsefully bellows for Stella from the courtyard below. Irresistibly drawn by her physical passion for him, she goes to Stanley, who carries her off to bed. The next morning, Blanche urges Stella to leave Stanley, calling him a sub-human animal. Stella disagrees and stays.

As weeks pass into months, tension mounts between Blanche and Stanley. Blanche is hopeful about Mitch, but anxiety and alcoholism have her teetering on mental collapse while anticipating a marriage proposal. Finally, Mitch says they should be together. Meanwhile, Stanley uncovers Blanche's hidden history of mental instability, promiscuity, and being fired for sleeping with an underage student. He passes this news on to Mitch, in full knowledge this will end Blanche's marriage prospects and leave her with no future. Stella angrily blames Stanley for the catastrophic revelation, but their fight is interrupted when Stella goes into labor.

Later, Mitch arrives and confronts Blanche about Stanley's claims. She initially denies everything, then breaks down confessing. She pleads for forgiveness, but Mitch, hurt and humiliated, roughly ends the relationship. Later that night, while Stella's labor continues, Stanley returns from the hospital to get some sleep. Blanche, dressed in a tattered old gown, pretends she is departing on a trip with an old admirer. She spins tale after tale about her fictitious future plans, and he pitilessly destroys her illusions. They engage in a struggle. She collapses and the scene ends with her impending rape.

Weeks later, during another poker game at the Kowalski apartment, doctors arrive to take the nearly catatonic Blanche to a mental hospital. Blanche has told Stella what happened, but Stella cannot bring herself to believe it. On seeing the doctor and nurse, Blanche resists at first. The nurse matron seizes her but the doctor talks to her gently and she goes with them, saying her last lines in the play about having "always depended on the kindness of strangers". Mitch, present at the poker game, is visibly upset, and although Stanley denies touching Blanche, Mitch attacks him but is no match for the shorter but tougher Stanley. Stella, now realizing that Blanche had told her the truth, takes the baby upstairs to the Hubbell's apartment, determined to leave her husband. (The twist was dictated by the film industry, which demanded that Stanley be punished in some way for the rape. Subsequent film and TV versions have restored the original, bleaker ending, in which Stella remains with her husband for various reasons and at the urging of Eunice, as the stage play always ends.)

Cast

Production

A Streetcar Named Desire was adapted directly from the successful 1947 Broadway production of the play, which won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Many of the cast and crew were ported over from the stage production, including director Elia Kazan and actors Marlon Brando, Kim Hunter, Karl Malden, Rudy Bond, Nick Dennis, Peg Hillias, Ann Dere, Edna Thomas, and Richard Garrick. Kazan intended for Jessica Tandy, who won a Tony for her portrayal of Blanche, to also reprise her role on film, but producer Charles K. Feldman insisted on casting an actress with more box office appeal. The role was offered to both Bette Davis[7] and Olivia de Havilland, who both declined. Vivien Leigh, who had already played Blanche in Streetcar's London production (directed by then-husband Laurence Olivier), was eventually cast. In Brando's autobiography, he praised Tandy but felt that Vivien Leigh ended up being the definitive Blanche. "She was Blanche."

Aside from the opening and closing scenes, which were shot on location in New Orleans, A Streetcar Named Desire was filmed entirely on soundstages at the Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California. The Kowalski apartment set was designed to gradually appear smaller over the course of the film, to reflect the characters' sense of claustrophobia.

Censorship

Several scenes were shot but cut after filming was complete to conform to the Production Code and later, to avoid condemnation by the National Legion of Decency. In 1993, after Warner Bros. discovered the censored footage during a routine inventory of archives,[8] several minutes of the censored scenes were restored in an 'original director's version' video re-release.[9]

Music

The jazz-infused score by Alex North was written in short sets of music that reflected the psychological dynamics of the characters. It was one of the first jazz scores composed for a mainstream feature film,[10] and earned North an Oscar nomination for Best Original Score, one of two nominations in that category that year.

Comparison to source material

• The play was set entirely at the Kowalski apartment, but the story's visual scope is expanded in the film, which depicts locations only briefly mentioned or non-existent in the stage production, such as the train station, streets in the French Quarter, the bowling alley, the pier of a dance casino, and the machine factory.
• Dialogue presented in the play is abbreviated or cut entirely in various scenes in the film, including, for example, when Blanche tries to convince Stella to leave Stanley and when Mitch confronts Blanche about her past.
• The name of the town where Blanche was from was changed from the real-life town of Laurel, Mississippi, to the fictional "Auriol, Mississippi".
• The play's themes were controversial, causing the screenplay to be modified to comply with the Hollywood Production Code. In the original play, Blanche's husband died by suicide after he was discovered having a homosexual affair. This reference was removed from the film; Blanche says instead that she showed scorn at her husband's sensitive nature, driving him to suicide. She does however make a vague reference to "his coming out", implying homosexuality without explicitly stating it.
• The scene involving Stanley raping Blanche is cut short in the film, instead ending dramatically with Blanche smashing the mirror with the broken bottle in a failed attempt at self-defence.
• At the end of the play, Stella, distraught at Blanche's fate, mutely allows Stanley to console her. In the film, this is changed to Stella blaming Stanley for Blanche's fate, and resolving to leave him.[11]
• Close, tight photography altered the dramatic qualities of the play, for example in the lengthy scenes of escalating conflict between Stanley and Blanche, or when Mitch shines the light on Blanche to see how old she is, or when the camera hovers over Blanche, collapsed on the floor, with her head at the bottom of the screen, as though she were turned upside down.
• In the film, Blanche is shown riding in the streetcar which was only mentioned in the play. By the time the film was in production however, the Desire streetcar line had been converted into a bus service, and the production team had to gain permission from the authorities to hire out a streetcar with the "Desire" name on it.[12]

Reception

Box office

In the months after its release in September 1951, A Streetcar Named Desire grossed $4.2 million in the United States and Canada, with 15 million tickets sold against a production budget of $1.8 million.[13] A reissue of the film by 20th Century Fox in 1958 grossed an additional $700,000.[14]

Critical response

Upon release, the film drew very high praise. The New York Times critic Bosley Crowther stated that "inner torments are seldom projected with such sensitivity and clarity on the screen" and commending both Vivien Leigh's and Marlon Brando's performances. Film critic Roger Ebert has also expressed praise for the film, calling it a "great ensemble of the movies." The film has a 97% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 62 reviews, with an average rating of 8.60/10. The consensus reads, "A feverish rendition of a heart-rending story, A Streetcar Named Desire gives Tennessee Williams' stage play explosive power on the screen thanks to Elia Kazan's searing direction and a sterling ensemble at the peak of their craft."[15]

In his 2020 autobiography Apropos of Nothing, director Woody Allen praises every aspect of the production:

The movie Streetcar is for me total artistic perfection... It's the most perfect confluence of script, performance, and direction I’ve ever seen. I agree with Richard Schickel, who calls the play perfect. The characters are so perfectly written, every nuance, every instinct, every line of dialogue is the best choice of all those available in the known universe. All the performances are sensational. Vivien Leigh is incomparable, more real and vivid than real people I know. And Marlon Brando was a living poem. He was an actor who came on the scene and changed the history of acting. The magic, the setting, New Orleans, the French Quarter, the rainy humid afternoons, the poker night. Artistic genius, no holds barred.

Ross Orgiefsky in a reappraisal of Karl Malden's performance in the film, an assessment published in the Michigan Daily in 2019, stated that the portrayal of Mitch "may be a commentary on masculinity, or on the consequences of insincerity."[16]

Awards and nominations

A Streetcar Named Desire won four Academy Awards, setting an Oscar record when it became the first film to win in three of the acting categories (the only other film to achieve that was Network in 1976).[17][18]

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result
Academy Awards	Best Picture	Charles K. Feldman	Nominated
	Best Director	Elia Kazan	Nominated
	Best Actor	Marlon Brando	Nominated
	Best Actress	Vivien Leigh	Won
	Best Supporting Actor	Karl Malden	Won
	Best Supporting Actress	Kim Hunter	Won
	Best Screenplay	Tennessee Williams	Nominated
	Best Art Direction – Black-and-White	Richard Day and George James Hopkins	Won
	Best Cinematography – Black-and-White	Harry Stradling	Nominated
	Best Costume Design – Black-and-White	Lucinda Ballard	Nominated
	Best Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture	Alex North	Nominated
	Best Sound Recording	Nathan Levinson	Nominated
British Academy Film Awards	Best Film from any Source		Nominated
	Best British Actress	Vivien Leigh	Won
Directors Guild of America Awards	Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures	Elia Kazan	Nominated
Golden Globe Awards	Best Motion Picture – Drama		Nominated
	Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama	Vivien Leigh	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture	Kim Hunter	Won
Jussi Awards	Best Foreign Actor	Marlon Brando (also for The Men)	Won
National Board of Review Awards	Top 10 Films		6th Place
National Film Preservation Board	National Film Registry		Inducted
New York Film Critics Circle Awards	Best Film		Won
	Best Director	Elia Kazan	Won
	Best Actor	Marlon Brando	Nominated
	Best Actress	Vivien Leigh	Won
Online Film & Television Association Awards	Hall of Fame – Motion Picture		Won
Sant Jordi Awards	Special Jury Prize	Vivien Leigh	Won
		Tennessee Williams	Won
Venice International Film Festival	Golden Lion	Elia Kazan	Nominated
	Special Jury Prize		Won
	Best Actress	Vivien Leigh	Won
Writers Guild of America Awards	Best Written American Drama	Tennessee Williams	Nominated

American Film Institute recognition

• 1998 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies No. 45
• 2002 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions No. 67
• 2005 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes:
  • "Stella! Hey, Stella!" No. 45
  • "I've always depended on the kindness of strangers," No. 75
• 2005 AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores No. 19
• 2007 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) No. 47

References

External links

• A Streetcar Named Desire at the American Film Institute Catalog
• A Streetcar Named Desire at IMDb
• A Streetcar Named Desire at the TCM Movie Database
• A Streetcar Named Desire at AllMovie
• A Streetcar Named Desire at Rotten Tomatoes
• Werner, Stephen A., “In Search of Stanley Kowalski” St. Louis Cultural History Project (Summer 2022).

На других языках

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[de] Endstation Sehnsucht (1951)

Endstation Sehnsucht (Originaltitel: A Streetcar Named Desire) ist ein US-amerikanisches Filmdrama des Regisseurs Elia Kazan aus dem Jahr 1951. Der Film basiert auf dem gleichnamigen Drama von Tennessee Williams.

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- [en] A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)

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[it] Un tram che si chiama Desiderio (film 1951)

Un tram che si chiama Desiderio (A Streetcar Named Desire) è un film del 1951 diretto da Elia Kazan, con protagonisti Vivien Leigh e Marlon Brando. Il film è basato sull'omonimo dramma di Tennessee Williams del 1947. Il copione della pellicola fu scritto dallo stesso Williams, ma subì numerose revisioni per rimuovere, tra le cose, dei riferimenti all'omosessualità.

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[ru] Трамвай «Желание» (фильм, 1951)

«Трамвай „Желание“»[К 1][1] (англ. A Streetcar Named Desire) — чёрно-белый фильм-драма 1951 года, снятая режиссёром Элиа Казаном по одноимённой пьесе драматурга Теннесси Уильямса, удостоенной Пулитцеровской премии в 1947 году. Главные роли исполняют Вивьен Ли и Марлон Брандо.

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