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Julia is a 1977 American Holocaust drama film directed by Fred Zinnemann, from a screenplay by Alvin Sargent. It is based on a chapter from Lillian Hellman's 1973 book Pentimento about the author's relationship with a lifelong friend, Julia, who fought against the Nazis in the years prior to World War II. The film stars Jane Fonda, Vanessa Redgrave, Jason Robards, Hal Holbrook, Rosemary Murphy, Maximilian Schell and Meryl Streep (in her film debut).

Julia
Theatrical release poster by Richard Amsel
Directed by	Fred Zinnemann
Screenplay by	Alvin Sargent
Based on	Pentimento 1973 story Julia by Lillian Hellman
Produced by	Richard Roth
Starring	Jane Fonda Vanessa Redgrave Jason Robards Hal Holbrook Rosemary Murphy Maximilian Schell Meryl Streep
Cinematography	Douglas Slocombe
Edited by	Walter Murch Marcel Durham
Music by	Georges Delerue
Distributed by	20th Century Fox
Release date	October 2, 1977 (1977-10-02)
Running time	118 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$7.84 million[1]
Box office	$20.7 million[2]

Julia was released theatrically on October 2, 1977 by 20th Century Fox. Upon release the film received generally positive reviews and grossed $20.7 million against its $7 million budget. It received a leading 11 nominations at the 50th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, and won 3 awards, Best Supporting Actor (for Robards), Best Supporting Actress (for Redgrave) and Best Adapted Screenplay. At the 35th Golden Globe Awards it received a leading six nominations, including for the Best Motion Picture – Drama, with Fonda and Redgrave winning for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively. The film also received a leading ten nominations at the 32nd British Academy Film Awards and won four, including for the Best Film.

Plot

The young Lillian Hellman and her friend Julia, daughter of a wealthy family being brought up by her grandparents in the United States, enjoy a childhood together and an extremely close relationship in late adolescence. Later, while medical student/physician Julia attends Oxford and the University of Vienna and studies with such luminaries as Sigmund Freud, Lillian, a struggling writer, suffers through revisions of her play with her mentor and sometime lover, famed author Dashiell Hammett, at a beach house.

Julia's school in Vienna is overrun by Nazi thugs, and Julia is severely injured trying to protect her colleagues. Lillian receives word of Julia's condition and rushes to Vienna to be with her. Julia is taken away for "treatment", and Lillian is unable to find her again since the hospital denies any knowledge of her being treated there. She remains in Europe to try to find Julia again but is unsuccessful.

Later, during the Nazi era, Lillian has become a celebrated playwright and is invited to a writers' conference in the USSR. Julia, having taken on the battle against Nazism, enlists Lillian en route to smuggle money into Nazi Germany to assist the anti-Nazi cause. It is a dangerous mission, especially for a Jewish intellectual on her way to Russia.

Lillian departs for the USSR via Berlin, and the movements of her person, and placement of her possessions (a hat and a box of candy), are carefully guided by compatriots of Julia through border crossings and inspections. In Berlin, Lillian is told to go to a cafe where she finds Julia. They are able to speak only briefly. Julia divulges that the "treatment" she received in the hospital in Vienna was the amputation of her leg. Julia tells her that the money she has brought will save 500 to 1,000 people, many of them Jews. Lillian also learns that Julia has a daughter, Lily, who is living with a baker in Alsace. After Lilian leaves Julia in the cafe and boards the train to Moscow, a man tells her to avoid passing through Germany again after she leaves the USSR.

When Lillian reaches London, she receives word that Julia has been killed in the Frankfurt apartment of a friend by Nazi agents although the details of her death are shrouded in secrecy. Lillian unsuccessfully looks for Julia's daughter in Alsace. She returns to the United States and is reunited with Dashiell Hammett. She is haunted by her memories of Julia and is distraught over not having found Julia's baby. She is shocked that Julia's family pretends not to remember Lillian, clearly wanting to excise from their memory a granddaughter who refused to conform at a time when conformity caused the murder of many innocent people.

The film ends with an image of Lillian Hellman seated in a boat alone, fishing. She reveals in voiceover that she continued to live with Hammett for another thirty years and outlived him by several more.

Cast

The film marked the film debut of Meryl Streep and Lisa Pelikan.

Production

The film was shot on location in England and France. Although Lillian Hellman claimed the story was based on true events that occurred early in her life, the filmmakers later came to believe that most of it was fictionalized. Director Fred Zinnemann would later comment, "Lillian Hellman in her own mind owned half the Spanish Civil War, while Hemingway owned the other half. She would portray herself in situations that were not true. An extremely talented, brilliant writer, but she was a phony character, I'm sorry to say. My relations with her were very guarded and ended in pure hatred."[3]

The 1977 film Julia was based on the "Julia" chapter of Hellman's memoir Pentimento. On June 30, 1976, as the film was going into production, Hellman wrote about the screenplay to its producer:[4]

This is not a work of fiction and certain laws have to be followed for that reason ... Your major difficulty to me is the treatment of Lillian as the leading character. The reason is simple: no matter what she does in this story–and I do not deny the danger I was in when I took the money into Germany–my role was passive. And nobody and nothing can change that unless you write a fictional and different story ... Isn't it necessary to know that I am a Jew? That, of course, is what mainly made the danger.

In a 1979 television interview with Dick Cavett, author Mary McCarthy, long Hellman's political adversary and the object of her negative literary judgment, said of Hellman that "every word she writes is a lie, including 'and' and 'the'."[5] Hellman responded by filing a US$2,500,000 defamation suit against McCarthy, interviewer Dick Cavett, and PBS.[5] McCarthy produced evidence she said proved that Hellman had lied in some accounts of her life. Cavett said he sympathized more with McCarthy than Hellman in the lawsuit, but "everybody lost" as a result of it.[5] Norman Mailer attempted unsuccessfully to mediate the dispute through an open letter he published in the New York Times.[6] At the time of her death in 1984, Hellman was still in litigation with McCarthy; her executors dropped the suit.[7]

In 1983, New York psychiatrist Muriel Gardiner had become involved in the libel suit between McCarthy and Hellman. She claimed to be the model for the character named Julia in Pentimento, and in the movie Julia based on a chapter of that book. Hellman, who never met Gardiner, said that "Julia" was somebody else.[8]

Gardiner wrote that, while she never met Hellman, she had often heard about her from her friend Wolf Schwabacher, who was Hellman's lawyer. By Gardiner's account, Schwabacher had visited Gardiner in Vienna. After Muriel Gardiner and Joseph Buttinger moved into their house at Brookdale Farm in Pennington, New Jersey in 1940, they divided the house in two. They rented half of it to Wolf and Ethel Schwabacher for more than ten years.[9]

Many people believe that Hellmann based her story on Gardiner's life. Gardiner's editor cited the unlikelihood that there were two millionaire American women who were medical students in Vienna in the late 1930s.[8]

Reception

The film earned $7.5 million in North American rentals.[10]

It currently holds a 76% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 29 reviews.[11]

The response varied from positive to mixed, usually praising the period setting and acting, but criticizing the script and failure to adequately portray the friendship between the two leads. Variety gave it a positive review, praising Jane Fonda and Vanessa Redgrave as being "dynamite together on the screen," Richard Roth's production as "handsome and tasteful," as well as the period costumes and production design.[12]

Roger Ebert called the film a "fascinating story," but felt the movie suffered from being told by Lillian Hellman's point of view. "The film never really establishes a relationship between the two women," he wrote. "It's awkward, the way the movie has to suspend itself between Julia – its ostensible subject – and Lillian Hellman, its real subject." He gave it two and a half out of four stars.[13]

John Simon said of Julia- "Very little of what happens in the film is intrinsically interesting".[14]

TV Guide gave it three out of five stars and declared it "Beautifully crafted, nominated for eleven Academy Awards, a big hit at the box office--and a dramatic dud ... If you like red nail polish, faux-cynicism, painfully brave smiles and European train stations, Julia may be your kind of cocktail."[15]

Awards and nominations

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result
Academy Awards	Best Picture	Richard Roth	Nominated
	Best Director	Fred Zinnemann	Nominated
	Best Actress	Jane Fonda	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actor	Jason Robards	Won
		Maximilian Schell	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress	Vanessa Redgrave	Won
	Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium	Alvin Sargent	Won
	Best Cinematography	Douglas Slocombe	Nominated
	Best Costume Design	Anthea Sylbert	Nominated
	Best Film Editing	Walter Murch[nb 1]	Nominated
	Best Original Score	Georges Delerue	Nominated
British Academy Film Awards	Best Film	Richard Roth	Won
	Best Direction	Fred Zinnemann	Nominated
	Best Actress in a Leading Role	Jane Fonda	Won
	Best Actor in a Supporting Role	Jason Robards	Nominated
	Best Screenplay	Alvin Sargent	Won
	Best Cinematography	Douglas Slocombe	Won
	Best Costume Design	Anthea Sylbert, Joan Bridge and Annalisa Nasalli-Rocca	Nominated
	Best Editing	Walter Murch	Nominated
	Best Original Music	Georges Delerue	Nominated
	Best Production Design	Gene Callahan, Carmen Dillon and Willy Holt	Nominated
British Society of Cinematographers	Best Cinematography	Douglas Slocombe	Won
César Awards	Best Foreign Film	Fred Zinnemann	Nominated
David di Donatello Awards	Best Foreign Actress	Jane Fonda	Won[lower-alpha 1]
	David Giovani Award	Fred Zinnemann	Won
Directors Guild of America Awards	Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures		Nominated
Golden Globe Awards	Best Motion Picture – Drama		Nominated
	Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama	Jane Fonda	Won
	Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture	Jason Robards	Nominated
		Maximilian Schell	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture	Vanessa Redgrave	Won
	Best Director – Motion Picture	Fred Zinnemann	Nominated
	Best Screenplay – Motion Picture	Alvin Sargent	Nominated
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards	Best Supporting Actor	Jason Robards	Won
	Best Supporting Actress	Vanessa Redgrave	Won
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards	Best Supporting Actor	Jason Robards	Won
	Best Supporting Actress	Vanessa Redgrave	Won
	Best Cinematography	Douglas Slocombe	Won
Nastro d'Argento	Best Foreign Director	Fred Zinnemann	Won
National Board of Review Awards	Top Ten Films		3rd Place
National Society of Film Critics Awards	Best Actress	Jane Fonda	3rd Place
	Best Supporting Actor	Maximilian Schell	3rd Place
New York Film Critics Circle Awards	Best Supporting Actor		Won
	Best Supporting Actress	Vanessa Redgrave	Runner-up
Writers Guild of America Awards	Best Drama – Adapted from Another Medium	Alvin Sargent	Won

After Redgrave was nominated for Best Supporting Actress, the Jewish Defense League objected to her nomination because she had narrated and helped fund a documentary entitled The Palestinian, which supported a Palestinian state. They also picketed the Oscar ceremony.[17]

Notes

References

External links

• Julia at IMDb
• Julia at AllMovie
• Julia at the TCM Movie Database
• Julia at the American Film Institute Catalog
• Julia at Box Office Mojo
• Julia at Rotten Tomatoes

На других языках

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[de] Julia (1977)

Julia ist ein Filmdrama, das 1977 im Verleih der 20th Century Fox herauskam und auf dem autobiographischen Buch Julia (Pentimento) von Lillian Hellman beruht. Es beschreibt die enge Freundschaft zweier amerikanischer Frauen vor dem Hintergrund des Nationalsozialismus. Sowohl Vanessa Redgrave, die dafür einen Oscar gewann, als auch Jane Fonda beeindruckten durch ihre schauspielerischen Leistungen und auch beim Publikum war der Film ein Erfolg.

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- [en] Julia (1977 film)

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[ru] Джулия (фильм, 1977)

«Джулия» — кинофильм 1977 года кинокомпании 20th Century Fox, США. Экранизация автобиографического романа «Pentimento» Лилиан Хеллман. 3 премии «Оскар».

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