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Gladiator is a 2000 epic historical drama film directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Franzoni, John Logan, and William Nicholson. The film was co-produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Universal Pictures. DreamWorks Pictures distributed the film in North America while Universal Pictures released it internationally through United International Pictures. It stars Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Connie Nielsen, Ralf Möller, Oliver Reed (in his final role), Djimon Hounsou, Derek Jacobi, John Shrapnel, Richard Harris, and Tommy Flanagan. Crowe portrays Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius, who is betrayed when Commodus, the ambitious son of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, murders his father and seizes the throne. Reduced to slavery, Maximus becomes a gladiator and rises through the ranks of the arena to avenge the murders of his family and his emperor.

Gladiator
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRidley Scott
Screenplay by
Story byDavid Franzoni
Produced by
  • Douglas Wick
  • David Franzoni
  • Branko Lustig
Starring
CinematographyJohn Mathieson
Edited byPietro Scalia
Music by
Production
companies
  • DreamWorks Pictures
  • Universal Pictures
  • Scott Free Productions
  • Red Wagon Entertainment
  • Amblin Entertainment[1]
Distributed by
  • DreamWorks Distribution LLC (North America)
  • United International Pictures (International)
Release dates
  • May 1, 2000 (2000-05-01) (Samuel Goldwyn Theater)
  • May 5, 2000 (2000-05-05) (United States)
  • May 12, 2000 (2000-05-12) (United Kingdom)
Running time
155 minutes[2]
Countries
  • United States[3]
  • United Kingdom[4]
LanguageEnglish
Budget$103 million[5]
Box office$460.5 million[5]

Inspired by Daniel P. Mannix's 1958 book Those About to Die (formerly titled The Way of the Gladiator), the film's script, initially written by Franzoni, was acquired by DreamWorks and Ridley Scott signed on to direct the film. Principal photography, which began in January 1999 and wrapped up in May of that year, was known to have a set of problems due to the script being unfinished, with several of the cast complained about the writing quality throughout the nineteen week shoot in Fort Ricasoli, Malta. The film's computer-generated imagery effects were created by British post-production company The Mill, who also created a digital body double for the remaining scenes involving Reed's character Proximo due to Reed dying of a heart attack during production.

Gladiator was anticipated to become one of 2000's most successful films. Upon its release, the film grossed over $460.5 million worldwide, making it the second highest-grossing film of 2000, finishing behind Mission: Impossible 2. The film received generally positive reviews from critics with praise for the acting (particularly Crowe's and Phoenix's performances), Scott's direction, visuals, screenplay, action sequences, musical score, and the production values. The film won multiple awards, including five at the 73rd Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actor for Crowe, Best Costume Design, Best Sound and Best Visual Effects. It also received four BAFTA Awards at the 54th British Academy Film Awards for Best Film, Best Cinematography, Best Production Design and Best Editing. Gladiator helped launch or revitalize the careers of several cast and crew members, particularly elevating Crowe to leading man status and helping Phoenix breakout into the mainstream.

Since its release, Gladiator has been critically reevaluated and it has been considered to be one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best action films of the 21st Century. It has been credited with reinventing the sword-and-sandal genre and rekindling interest in entertainment centered around the cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, and other time periods throughout world history. Several films have attempted to emulate Gladiator's visuals, style, and tone with varying degrees of success. The film has been analyzed for its themes of democracy, fascism, the power of the people, masculinity, and stoicism. In 2021, Scott officially announced that writing had begun on a sequel to the film, which would formally enter development after the completion of his Napoleon biopic.[6]


Plot


In 180 AD, Hispano-Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius intends to return home after he leads the Roman army to victory against the Germanic tribes near Vindobona on the Limes Germanicus. Emperor Marcus Aurelius tells Maximus that his own son, Commodus, is unfit to rule and that he wishes Maximus to succeed him, as regent, to help save Rome from corruption and restore the republic. Upon hearing this, Commodus murders his father.

Commodus proclaims himself the new emperor, asking Maximus for his loyalty, but the latter refuses. Maximus is arrested by the Praetorian Guard and is told that he and his family will die. He kills his captors and, wounded, he rides for his home near Trujillo, only to find his wife and son crucified. Maximus buries them, then collapses from his injuries. Slavers find him, and take him to the city of Zucchabar in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis, where he is sold to gladiator trainer Proximo.

Maximus reluctantly fights in local tournaments, his combat skills helping him win matches and gain popularity. He befriends two other gladiators: Hagen, a German; and Juba, a Numidian. Hagen related he fought with Maximus in Germania, while Juba encourages him that he will meet his wife and daughter in the afterlife. Proximo reveals to Maximus that he was once a gladiator who was freed by Marcus Aurelius, and advises him to "win the crowd" to win his freedom.

When Commodus organises 150 days of games to commemorate his father's death, Proximo takes his gladiators to Rome to fight in the Colosseum. Disguised in a masked helmet, Maximus debuts in the Colosseum as a Carthaginian in a re-enactment of the Battle of Zama. Unexpectedly, he leads his side to victory, and Commodus enters the Colosseum to offer his congratulations. He orders the disguised Maximus, as leader of the gladiators, to reveal his true identity; Maximus removes his helmet and declares vengeance. Commodus is compelled by the crowd to let the gladiators live, and his guards are held back from striking them down.

Maximus's next fight is against a legendary undefeated gladiator, Tigris of Gaul. Commodus has arranged for several tigers to be set upon Maximus during the duel; Maximus, however, prevails. Commodus orders Maximus to kill Tigris, but Maximus spares his opponent's life; to that crowd chanted "Maximus the Merciful". Angered at this outcome, Commodus taunts Maximus about his family's deaths, but the latter turns and walks away.

Maximus discovers from Cicero, his ex-orderly, that his former legions remain loyal. He meets in secret with Lucilla, Commodus's sister; and Gracchus, an influential senator. They agree to have Maximus escape Rome to join his legions, topple Commodus by force, and hand power back to the Roman Senate. Commodus learns of the plot when Lucilla's son, Lucius, innocently hints at the conspiracy. Commodus threatens Lucilla and Lucius, and has the Praetorian Guard arrest Gracchus and attack the gladiators' barracks. Proximo and his men, including Hagen, sacrifice themselves to enable Maximus to escape. Maximus is captured at the rendezvous with Cicero, where the latter is killed.

In an effort to win back public approval, Commodus challenges Maximus to a duel in the Colosseum. He stabs Maximus in the lung before the match to gain an advantage. Despite his injuries, Maximus disarms Commodus, who demands a sword. Disgusted by his cowardly demeanor, the Praetorian Guard refuses to aid him. Commodus produces a hidden knife, but Maximus overpowers him and drives that same knife into Commodus's throat, killing him. Before Maximus succumbs to his wounds, he asks for political reforms, for his gladiator allies to be freed, and for Senator Gracchus to be reinstated. As he dies, he has a vision where he reunites with his wife and son. His friends and allies honor him as "a soldier of Rome", at Lucilla's behest, and carry his body out of the arena, leaving the dead Commodus behind.

That night, Juba visits the Colosseum and buries figurines of Maximus's wife and son at the spot where he died. He echoes Maximus' words that they will see each other again, "but not yet", as he leaves to reunite with his family.


Cast



Production



Development


David Franzoni, who wrote the first draft, had dropped out of graduate school by 1972 and took his down time to ride across Eastern Europe on a motorcade.[8][9] During his trip, Franzoni was amazed that "everywhere I went in Europe, there were arenas. Even as I went east, going through Turkey, I began to think to myself this must have been a hell of a franchise." During a stop in Baghdad, Iraq, he stoped reading a book about the Irish Revolution for another one: Daniel P. Mannix's 1958 novel Those About to Die. These trips helped Franzoni inspire many ideas about a story set in the Roman Empire.

Twenty-five years later, Franzoni wrote the screenplay for Steven Spielberg's Amistad, which was the director's first film for DreamWorks Pictures, for which Speilberg was one of the three founders of the newly created independent studio. Though Amistad was a moderate commercial success, DreamWorks was impressed with Franzoni's screenplay and given him a three-picture deal as writer and co-producer. Remembering his 1972 trip, Franzoni pitched his Roman History idea to Spielberg, who immediately told him to write the script.[8]

In Franzoni's first draft, dated April 4, 1998, Franzoni chose to base his story on Commodus after reading the ancient Roman Historia Augusta. He later named his protagonist Narcissus, a wrestler who, according to the ancient sources Herodian and Cassius Dio, strangled Emperor Commodus to death.[10]

Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down) by Jean-Léon Gérôme, the 19th-century painting that inspired Ridley Scott to tackle the project.
Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down) by Jean-Léon Gérôme, the 19th-century painting that inspired Ridley Scott to tackle the project.

Ridley Scott was approached by producers Walter F. Parkes and Douglas Wick. They showed him a copy of Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1872 painting entitled Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down).[11] Scott was enticed by filming the world of Ancient Rome. However, Scott felt Franzoni's dialogue was too "on the nose" (lacking subtlety) and hired John Logan to rewrite the script to his liking. Logan rewrote much of the first act and made the decision to kill off Maximus's family to increase the character's motivation.[12]

By the time the script was being revised and the production crew was being assembled, DreamWorks began circling several potential partners to help cover the film's budget and costs. Co-financing between studios became increasingly common during the late-1990s as production and marketing costs — and the potential for losses — have spiraled upward.[13] DreamWorks shown a propensity for split-rights deals, having shared financing and distribution for the 1998 films Saving Private Ryan and Deep Impact with Paramount Pictures. On November 12, 1998, Variety reported that Universal Pictures reached a deal with DreamWorks to help finance the film, as well as obtaining international distribution rights and splitting worldwide proceeds 50–50 with DreamWorks, who would distribute the film in North America.[13]


Casting


Russell Crowe (pictured here in 1997) was chosen to play Maximus after his breakout performance in L.A. Confidential (1997).
Russell Crowe (pictured here in 1997) was chosen to play Maximus after his breakout performance in L.A. Confidential (1997).

While writing the script, Franzoni expressed interest with Antonio Banderas as the lead role, but he declined. Mel Gibson, Tom Sizemore, and Tom Cruise were also considered for the film, but the producers and studio had Russell Crowe at the top of their list after his breakout performance in L.A. Confidential (1997).[14] Crowe was initially hesitant to take the role due to gaining forty pounds for The Insider (1999), but director Michael Mann convinced the actor to take the role.[15] He would eventually signed on to play the main character in September 1998.[16] Crowe would state that he was pitched by Parkes without the script finished. In his interview for Inside the Actors Studio: "They said, 'It's a 100-million-dollar film. You're being directed by Ridley Scott. You play a Roman General.' I've always been a big fan of Ridley's."[17]

For the role of Commodus, Jude Law auditioned for the role but Scott intended to cast Joaquin Phoenix as his choice for the role.[18] Jennifer Lopez reportedly lobbied for the role of Lucilla, but lost the role to Connie Nielson.[18] Crowe initially suggested his Insider costar Christopher Plummer for the role of Marcus Aurelius before Richard Harris was cast in the role. From there, Ralf Möller, Oliver Reed, Djimon Hounsou, Derek Jacobi, John Shrapnel, and Tommy Flanagan joined the cast as pre-production was ready to commence.


Pre-production


In preparation for filming, Scott spent several months developing storyboards to develop the framework of the plot.[19] Over six weeks, production members scouted various locations within the extent of the Roman Empire before its collapse, including Italy, France, North Africa, and England.[20] All of the film's props, sets, and costumes were manufactured by crew members due to high costs and unavailability of the items.[21]


Influences


Scott and Franzoni draw up on several influences for Gladiator, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, La Dolce Vita and The Conformist. The film's plot was influenced by two 1960s Hollywood films of the sword-and-sandal genre, The Fall of the Roman Empire and Spartacus,[22] and shares several plot points with The Fall of the Roman Empire, which tells the story of Livius, who, like Maximus in Gladiator, is Marcus Aurelius's intended successor. Livius is in love with Lucilla and seeks to marry her while Maximus, who is happily married, was formerly in love with her. Both films portray the death of Marcus Aurelius as an assassination. In The Fall of the Roman Empire a group of conspirators independent of Commodus, hoping to profit from Commodus's accession, arrange for Marcus Aurelius to be poisoned; in Gladiator Commodus himself murders his father by smothering him. In the course of The Fall of the Roman Empire Commodus unsuccessfully seeks to win Livius over to his vision of empire in contrast to that of his father, but continues to employ him notwithstanding; in Gladiator, when Commodus fails to secure Maximus's allegiance, he executes Maximus's wife and son and tries unsuccessfully to execute him. Livius in The Fall of the Roman Empire and Maximus in Gladiator kill Commodus in single combat, Livius to save Lucilla and Maximus to avenge the murder of his wife and son, and both do it for the greater good of Rome.

Scott cited Spartacus and Ben-Hur as influences on the film: "These movies were part of my cinema-going youth. But at the dawn of the new millennium, I thought this might be the ideal time to revisit what may have been the most important period of the last two thousand years – if not all recorded history – the apex and beginning of the decline of the greatest military and political power the world has ever known."[23]

Spartacus provides the film's gladiatorial motif, as well as the character of Senator Gracchus, a fictitious senator (bearing the name of a pair of revolutionary tribunes from the 2nd century BC) who in both films is an elder statesman of ancient Rome attempting to preserve the ancient rights of the Roman Senate in the face of an ambitious autocrat – Marcus Licinius Crassus in Spartacus and Commodus in Gladiator. Both actors who played Gracchus (in Spartacus and Gladiator) played Claudius in previous films: Charles Laughton of Spartacus played Claudius in the unfinished 1937 film I, Claudius and Derek Jacobi of Gladiator played Claudius in the 1976 BBC adaptation. Both films also share a specific set piece wherein a gladiator (Maximus here, Woody Strode's Draba in Spartacus) throws his weapon into a spectator box at the end of a match, as well as at least one line of dialogue: "Rome is the mob", said here by Gracchus and by Julius Caesar (John Gavin) in Spartacus.


Filming



Principal Photography


The film was shot in three main locations between January and May 1999. The opening battle scenes in the forests of Germania were shot in three weeks in the Bourne Woods, near Farnham, Surrey, in England.[24] When Scott learned that the Forestry Commission planned to remove a section of the forest, he persuaded them to allow the battle scene to be shot there and burn it down.[25] Scott and cinematographer John Mathieson used multiple cameras filming at various frame rates and a 45-degree shutter, creating stop motion effects in the action sequences, similar to techniques used for the battle sequences of Saving Private Ryan (1998).[26] Subsequently, the scenes of slavery, desert travel, and gladiatorial training school were shot in Ouarzazate, Morocco, just south of the Atlas Mountains over a further three weeks.[27] To construct the arena where Maximus has his first fights, the crew used basic materials and local building techniques to manufacture the 30,000-seat mud brick arena.[28] Finally, the scenes of Ancient Rome were shot over a period of nineteen weeks in Fort Ricasoli, Malta.[29][30]

In Malta, a replica of about one-third of Rome's Colosseum was built, to a height of 52 feet (15.8 meters), mostly from plaster and plywood (the other two-thirds and remaining height were added digitally).[31] The replica took several months to build and cost an estimated $1 million.[32] The reverse side of the complex supplied a rich assortment of Ancient Roman street furniture, colonnades, gates, statuary, and marketplaces for other filming requirements. The complex was serviced by tented "costume villages" that had changing rooms, storage, armorers, and other facilities.[29] The rest of the Colosseum was created in computer-generated imagery using set-design blueprints and textures referenced from live action, and rendered in three layers to provide lighting flexibility for compositing in Flame and Inferno software.[33]

While Crowe and Harris became good friends during filming, the actor did not get along with Reed. In a 2010 interview with GQ Magazine, Crowe stated that he "never got on with Ollie. He has visited me in dreams and asked me to talk kindly of him. So I should... but we never had a pleasant conversation." Crowe was uncomfortable with Reed's excessive drinking during filming. Phoenix was initially anxious about filming and requested Scott he dropped out early, but to help calm a then 25-year-old Phoenix's nerves, Crowe and Harris decided to get him drunk. "It was actually Richard Harris' idea," Crowe later recalled, "because Joaquin was very nervous on the set and I went to Richard and said, 'Mate, what are we gonna do with this kid, he's asking me to abuse him before takes.'"[34]


Script Revisions and Complaints


Throughout filmmaking, the actors complained about the problems with the script. William Nicholson was brought to Shepperton Studios to make Maximus a more sensitive character. Nicholson reworked Maximus' friendship with Juba and developed the afterlife thread in the film, saying, "he did not want to see a film about a man who wanted to kill somebody."[12] The screenplay faced many rewrites and revisions, with several actors providing changes.[35] Crowe questioned every aspect of the evolving script and strode off the set when he did not get answers. According to Nicholson, Crowe reportedly told him that his "lines are garbage, but I'm the greatest actor in the world and I can make even garbage sound good."

According to a DreamWorks executive, Crowe "tried to rewrite the entire script on the spot. You know the big line in the trailer, 'In this life or the next, I will have my vengeance'? At first he absolutely refused to say it."[36] Crowe described the script situation: "I read the script and it was substantially underdone. Even the character didn't exist on the pages. And that set about a long process, that's probably the first time that I've been in a situation where the script wasn't a complete done deal. We actually started shooting with about 32 pages and went through them in the first couple of weeks."[17] Of the writing and filming process, Crowe added, "Possibly, a lot of the stuff that I have to deal with now in terms of my 'volatility' has to do with that experience. Here was a situation where we got to Morocco with a crew of 200 and a cast of a 100 or whatever, and I didn't have anything to learn. I actually didn't know what the scenes were gonna be. We had, I think, one American writer working on it, one English writer working on it, and of course a group of producers who were also adding their ideas, and then Ridley himself; and then, on the occasion where Ridley would say, 'Look, this is the structure for it– what are you gonna say in that?' So then I'd be doing my own stuff, as well. And this is how things like, 'Strength and honor,' came up. This is how things like, 'At my signal, unleash hell,' came up. The name Maximus Decimus Meridius, it just flowed well."[17]

Maximus' habit of rubbing soil before each fight references the attachment and affection to his former life as a farmer.[37] In a conversation with Marcus Aurelius, Maximus says the fecund soil of his farm is "black like my wife's hair".[37] Crowe wrote the speech himself, drawing on his feelings of homesickness for his own farm.[37]


Injuries


Crowe reportedly sustain injuries during principal photography. Detailing the impact filming had on his body during his appearance on Inside the Actor's Studio, Crowe described that there were a "lot of blood, lot of blood, lot of grazes, you know, I mean, I've still got, a lot of little scar here and one under here on this elbow, a discoloration of the skin that is directly to Gladiator. During filming on the sequence where Maximus fights Tigris of Gaul in the Arena with Tigers, Crowe narrowly escaped from being clawed by a tiger.[38]


Post-production


Several scenes included extensive use of computer-generated imagery shots for views of Rome.
Several scenes included extensive use of computer-generated imagery shots for views of Rome.

British post-production company The Mill was responsible for much of the computer-generated imagery effects that were added after filming. The company was responsible for such tricks as compositing real tigers filmed on bluescreen into the fight sequences, and adding smoke trails and extending the flight paths of the opening scene's salvo of flaming arrows to get around regulations on how far they could be shot during filming. They also used 2,000 live actors to create a computer-generated crowd of 35,000 virtual actors that had to look believable and react to fight scenes.[39] The Mill accomplished this by shooting live actors at different angles giving various performances, and then mapping them onto cards, with motion-capture tools used to track their movements for three-dimensional compositing.[33] The Mill created over 90 visual effects shots, comprising approximately nine minutes of the film's running time.[40]

An unexpected post-production job was caused by the death of Oliver Reed of a heart attack during the filming in Malta before all his scenes had been shot. The Mill created a digital body double for the remaining scenes involving his character Proximo[33] by photographing a live-action body double in the shadows and by mapping a three-dimensional computer-generated imagery mask of Reed's face to the remaining scenes during production at an estimated cost of $3.2 million for two minutes of additional footage.[41][42] Visual effects supervisor John Nelson reflected on the decision to include the additional footage: "What we did was small compared to our other tasks on the film. What Oliver did was much greater. He gave an inspiring, moving performance. All we did was help him finish it."[41] The film is dedicated to Reed's memory.[43]


Historical authenticity


The film is loosely based on real events that occurred within the Roman Empire in the latter half of the 2nd century AD. As Ridley Scott wanted to portray Roman culture more accurately than in any previous film, he hired several historians as advisors. Nevertheless, some deviations from historical fact were made to increase interest, maintain narrative continuity, and for practical or safety reasons. Scott also stated that due to the influence of previous films affecting the public perception of what ancient Rome was like, some historical facts were "too unbelievable" to include. For instance, in an early version of the script, gladiators would have been carrying out product endorsements in the arena; while this would have been historically accurate, it was not filmed for fear that audiences would think it anachronistic.[44]

At least one historical advisor resigned due to these changes. Another asked not to be mentioned in the credits (though it was stated in the director's commentary that he constantly asked, "where is the proof that certain things were exactly like they say?"). Historian Allen Ward of the University of Connecticut believed that historical accuracy would not have made Gladiator less interesting or exciting, stating, "creative artists need to be granted some poetic license, but that should not be a permit for the wholesale disregard of facts in historical fiction".[45][46]


Fictionalization



Anachronisms


Costumes in the film are rarely historically correct. Some of the soldiers wear fantasy helmets. The bands wrapped around their lower arms were rarely worn. Their appearance is the product of a filmic stereotype whereby historical films depict peoples of antiquity wearing such bands. Although the film is set within the 2nd century AD, the Imperial Gallic armor and the helmets worn by the legionaries are from AD 75, a century earlier. This was superseded by new designs in AD 100. The legions' standard bearers (aquiliferi), centurions, mounted forces, and auxiliaries would have worn scale armour, lorica squamata.[62][63] The Germanic tribes are dressed in clothes from the Stone Age period.[64]

Roman field artillery used in open battle was far more compact and transportable than shown by the film. But it was indeed capable of creating killing zones with a low chance of survival, as proven by tightly spaced impacts on a real battlefield.
Roman field artillery used in open battle was far more compact and transportable than shown by the film. But it was indeed capable of creating "killing zones" with a low chance of survival, as proven by tightly spaced impacts on a real battlefield.

The Roman cavalry are shown using stirrups. This is anachronistic in that the horse-mounted forces of the Roman army used a two-horned saddle, without stirrups. Stirrups were only employed in filming for safety reasons because of the additional training and skill required to ride with a Roman saddle.[60][65] Catapults and ballistae would not have been used in a forest. They were reserved primarily for sieges and were rarely used in open battles. Fire arrows and canisters fired from catapults were not used at any point in ancient history.[60]

Roman Emperors of the Principate generally avoided appearing like royalty and tried to keep up the pretense that Rome was still a Republic and as a result, their preferred title was Princeps Civitatis, First Citizen. Diocletian in 284 was the first emperor to drop this pretense.

The Praetorian Guards seen in the film are all wearing purple uniforms. No historical evidence supports this. On campaign, they usually wore standard legionary equipment with some unique decorative elements.[66]


Influences


The film's depiction of Commodus's entry into Rome borrows imagery from Leni Riefenstahl's Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1935), although Scott has pointed out that the iconography of Nazi rallies was itself inspired by the Roman Empire. Gladiator reflects back on the film by duplicating similar events that occurred in Adolf Hitler's procession. The Nazi film opens with an aerial view of Hitler arriving in a plane, while Scott shows an aerial view of Rome, quickly followed by a shot of the large crowd of people watching Commodus pass them in a procession with his chariot.[67] The first thing to appear in Triumph of the Will is a Nazi eagle, which is alluded to when a statue of an eagle sits atop one of the arches (and then is shortly followed by several more decorative eagles throughout the rest of the scene), leading up to the procession of Commodus. At one point in the Nazi film, a little girl gives flowers to Hitler, while Commodus is met by several girls who all give him bundles of flowers.[68]


Music


Main article: Gladiator (2000 soundtrack)
Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard – "Now We Are Free"
listen to a clip from the score of Gladiator.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The Oscar-nominated score was composed by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard, and conducted by Gavin Greenaway. Zimmer was originally planning to use Israeli vocalist Ofra Haza for the score, after his work with her in The Prince of Egypt. However, Haza died in late February 2000, before she was able to record, and so Gerrard was chosen instead. Lisa Gerrard's vocals are similar to her own work on The Insider score.[69] The music for many of the battle scenes has been noted as similar to Gustav Holst's "Mars: The Bringer of War", and in June 2006, the Holst Foundation sued Hans Zimmer for allegedly copying the late Holst's work.[70][71] Another close musical resemblance occurs in the scene of Commodus's triumphal entry into Rome, accompanied by music clearly evocative of two sections – the Prelude to Das Rheingold and Siegfried's Funeral March from Götterdämmerung – from Richard Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung. On February 27, 2001, nearly a year after the first soundtrack's release, Decca produced Gladiator: More Music From the Motion Picture. Then, on September 5, 2005, Decca produced Gladiator: Special Anniversary Edition, a two-CD pack containing both the above-mentioned releases. Some of the music from the film was featured in the NFL playoffs in January 2003 before commercial breaks and before and after half-time.[72] In 2003, Luciano Pavarotti released a recording of himself singing a song from the film and said he regretted turning down an offer to perform on the soundtrack.[73]


Release



Context


See also: 2000 in film

The logo for Gladiator.
The logo for Gladiator.

1999, considered by film historians to be one of the greatest years in film history, saw the domestic box office soar to a record $7.3 billion at the domestic box office, thanks largely to the box office pull of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, The Sixth Sense, Tarzan, Notting Hill, The Mummy, The Matrix, and Toy Story 2. 2000, however, was expected by industry executives to underperform compared to 1999.[74] Concerns were attributed to an lack of overall slate of pictures that lacked the commercial appeal to the previous year's group, notably the lack of a highly anticipated film such as The Phantom Menace, which contributed to the record box office in 1999.[74] In addition to a lack of a strong slate of pictures, there was also concerns over a lack of femme-driven pictures like Runaway Bride and Notting Hill, which were seen as strong alternatives to action-oriented blockbusters, as there was a lack of anticipated projects from top list actresses such as Meg Ryan, Sandra Bullock, Drew Barrymore, Jodie Foster, Nicole Kidman, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Gwyneth Paltrow, Sharon Stone, and Julia Roberts.[75]

With a lack of femme-driven films, studios concentrated their slates on male stars such as Tom Cruise, Jim Carrey, Mel Gibson, Eddie Murphy, Nicholas Cage, Harrison Ford, Bruce Willis, Clint Eastwood, Robert De Niro, and John Travolta, all of whom saw success in the 1990s, to help boost ticket sales.[76] The theatrical summer of 2000 highlighted several potential blockbusters including Gladiator, Mission: Impossible 2, Dinosaur, Battlefield Earth, Chicken Run, X-Men, The Perfect Storm, What Lies Beneath, and The Patriot, as well as comedies including Big Momma's House, Scary Movie, Road Trip, Me, Myself & Irene, and Bring It On. Mission: Impossible 2 was predicted by publications to dominate the summer box office due to the box office appeal from Cruise, while X-Men was seen as a potential hit within the comic book fanbase while the Batman film series was on a hiatus.[77]

Gladiator was projected to have a strong box office opening despite its R-rating from the Motion Picture Association of America and 155-minute running time and counter-programming from other films such as I Dreamed of Africa.[78] Several media outlets noted DreamWorks and Universal's decision to release Gladiator in the start of May was in an effort to deliver strong box office returns such as Twister (1996), Deep Impact (1998), and The Mummy (1999).[79]


Box office


Gladiator was released in North America on May 5, 2000, on 2,938 screens.[78] On its opening weekend, the film opened to number one when it earned $34.8 million, beating U-571.[80][81] The film not only crossed over Scream 3 to have the year's highest opening weekend, but also achieved the third-highest opening weekend for any R-rated film, trailing only behind Air Force One (1997) and Interview with the Vampire (1994).[82] It remained number one in its second weekend grossing $24.6 million, holding off Battlefield Earth's soft $11.5 million opening.[83] The film was dethroned from the top spot by Disney's Dinosaur during its third weekend and fell to third place with $19.7 million.[84] By Memorial Day, it had already earned a total of $127.2 million, surpassing Erin Brockovich to become the highest-grossing film of the year.[85] Gladiator did not regain its number one spot, but was in the top ten at the box office for nine weeks before it dropped to twelfth in its tenth week. Gladiator finished its initial run in theaters on the weekend of October 13. When the film was rereleased on February 16, 2001, the film finished eleventh with a gross of $58,948. Following its success at the 73rd Academy Awards, Gladiator grossed $456,732 on the weekend of April 1. It held the record for the largest post-Oscar Best Picture bump until Parasite (2019) surpassed the record with a $5.5 million draw following the Oscars. By the time the film had officially left theaters on May 10, 2001, Gladiator grossed $187.7 million in the United States and Canada. The film finished fourth in the domestic box office for the year 2000, finishing behind Mission: Impossible 2 ($215.4 million), Cast Away ($233.6 million), and How The Grinch Stole Christmas ($260 million).[86]

Outside of North America, Gladiator grossed over $47.8 million in the United Kingdom and saw the fifth largest opening in Australia with a record $5 million. The film went on the gross over $460.6 million worldwide against a budget of $103 million, finishing as the second highest-grossing film of 2000 behind Mission: Impossible 2 ($546.4 million).[87] At the time of its release, Gladiator was the fifth highest-grossing R-rated film, behind Termiantor 2: Judgement Day (1991), Saving Private Ryan (1998), The Matrix (1999), and Pretty Woman (1990).


Reception



Critical response


The performances of Russell Crowe and Joaquin Phoenix garnered praise from critics for bringing energy and charisma to the film.

Upon its initial release, Gladiator opened to generally positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Gladiator has an approval rating of 78% based on 205 reviews, with an average rating of 7.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ridley Scott and an excellent cast successfully convey the intensity of Roman gladiatorial combat as well as the political intrigue brewing beneath." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert (shown here from 2006) was one of the film's most notable detractors, criticizing its 'murky tone' and script.
Roger Ebert (shown here from 2006) was one of the film's most notable detractors, criticizing its 'murky tone' and script.

The performances and the cast were praised by critics, with Crowe and Phoenix being considered by critics as the main highlights. Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said Crowe "solidly anchors this epic-scale gladiator movie - the first in nearly four decades - by using his burly frame and expressive face to give dimension to what might otherwise have been comic book heroics."[88] In his positive review for The Wall Street Journal, Joe Morgensten said that Crowe "doesn't use tricks in this role to court our approval. He earns it the old-fashioned way, by daring to be quiet, if not silent, and intensely, implacably strong," and that the film "rests on Mr. Crowe's armor-clad shoulders, and he carries it remarkably well."[89] Empire's Ian Nathan, giving the film four stars, wrote that Phoenix displayed "gleeful hamminess" in his performance.[90] Writing for the film, Nathan expressed that "while it's all grand opera, and driven by sweeping gestures and pompous, overwritten dialogue, it is prone to plain silliness - especially in granting us the big showdown at the close. But the sheer dynamism of the action, coupled with Hans Zimmer's lavish score and the forcefield of Crowe, still makes this a fiercesome competitor in the summer movie stakes."[90] Geoff Andrew of Time Out praised the film, saying that "the cast is strong (notably Nielsen as Commodus's vacillating sister, and the late Oliver Reed, unusually endearing as a gladiator owner), the pacing lively, and the sets, swordplay and Scud catapults impressive.[91] On the other hand, Camille Paglia, who called the film "boring, badly shot and suffused with sentimental p.c. rubbish," criticized Crowe and Phoenix's performances[92]

Scott's directing was generally praised by critics, whom called it a return to form for the director. In her A- review for Entertainment Weekly, Lisa Schwarzbaum praised Scott's directing, particularly during the opening battle sequence. Schwarzbaum writes that with the battle sequence, "Scott lets loose his own extraordinary assault. It’s a bravura sequence of flaming arrows, falling horses, and mortal combat that doesn’t copy Private Ryan‘s famous opening tour de force of carnage so much as raise a banner in admiration. It's Scott the visual artist at his most deluxe." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that "Scott really scores in his big Rome set-pieces, especially Crowe's combat with men and tigers in a computer-enhanced Colosseum much bigger and more monumental than the original," and that "for all of its implausible silliness and towering high camp, Scott's movie tells an engaging story, and the central arena fight-sequence in which Maximus and his gladiators playing the doomed Carthaginians end up defeating the Romans and reversing history "to the emperor's horror" is wittily and adroitly done: a sly demonstration of the confluence of politics and mass entertainment."[93] Michael Wilmington of The Chicago Tribune gave praise to Scott's direction, comparing the visual style of the film to that of Scott's 1982 film Blade Runner.[94]

Critics generally praised the production values of the film, with the costumes, production design, and visual effects. Todd McCarthy, praising the film for Variety, said Gladiator "revels in both the glory and the horror that were Rome," with "details in Arthur Max's brilliant production design and Janty Yates’ highly diversified costume design that offered up in wonderfully offhand fashion," while also commanding the "CGI effects that have allowed numerous sets, notably the Colosseum, to be enhanced in size and spectacle value; the stunts, fights and battles are as forceful and realistic as anyone could want, John Mathieson’s widescreen cinematography is magnificent, and the pacing across 2½ hours is well modulated." Roger Ebert, on the other hand, criticized the film for looking "muddy, fuzzy and indistinct." In his two-star review, Ebert also derided the writing, saying it "employs depression as a substitute for personality, and believes that if characters are bitter and morose enough, we won't notice how dull they are."[95]


Accolades


Main article: List of accolades received by Gladiator

Gladiator was nominated in 36 individual ceremonies, including the 73rd Academy Awards, the BAFTA Awards, and the Golden Globe Awards. Of 119 award nominations, the film won 48 prizes.[96]

The film won five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actor for Russell Crowe, Best Visual Effects, Best Sound, and Best Costume Design. It was nominated for an additional seven, including Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor for Joaquin Phoenix and Best Director for Ridley Scott. It was the first movie to win Best Picture without winning either a directing or screenwriting award since All the King's Men at the 22nd Academy Awards in 1950. In 2003, Chicago became another Best Picture winner which did not win an Academy Award in either of these two major categories. Due to Academy rules, only Hans Zimmer was officially nominated for Best Original Score, and not Lisa Gerrard.[97] However, the pair did win the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score as co-composers.[98]


Post-release



Performance analysis and aftermath


The box office in North America and Canada during the theatrical summer of 2000 was down 4% in grosses and 7% in admissions from the corresponding frame in 1999's theatrical summer.[99] Industry executives blamed the underwheming drop on "the films studios offered this summer not exciting consumers the way that 1999's did, particulatly the lack of quality female-skewing movies that hurt admissions."[100] However, 2000 eventually surpassed 1999's $7.31 billion with a 2% increase of $7.41 billion.[101] Backed by the strong performances of Gladiator, Road Trip, Small Time Crooks, Chicken Run, and What Lies Beneath, DreamWorks finished fifth for the top performing studios for 2000 with $769.5 million and ahead of 20th Century Fox ($728.7 million) and Sony Pictures ($667.1 million). DreamWorks distribution chief Jim Tharp placed much of the performance on "the talented filmmakers behind the movies and the company's overall strategy."[102] In the years since Gladiator's success, DreamWorks would eventually be $400 million in debt by 2005 and the studio, along with the rights to Gladiator and the rest of the live action library, was sold to Paramount Pictures in 2006.[103]

After a string of box office disappointments following Thelma & Louise (1991), Gladiator was a reversal of fortune for Scott, earning him acclaim and interest. In the wake of Gladiator's success, producer Dino De Laurentiis hired Scott to direct Hannibal (2001), the highly anticipated sequel to The Silence of the Lambs (1991).[104] Gladiator, along with The Insider, helped turn Russell Crowe into an established A-lister. His performance in Gladiator resulted him in being cast by Ron Howard for A Beautiful Mind (2001).[105] Scott and Crowe collaborted again for A Good Year (2006), American Gangster (2007), and Robin Hood (2010). Gladiator brought fame for Phoenix, who would go on to be cast by M. Night Shyamalan for the films Signs (2002) and The Village (2004) and win the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as the Joker in Joker (2019). Harris' performance in Gladiator resulted in his casting as Albus Dumbledore in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001).[106]


Home media


Gladiator was first released on DVD and VHS on November 21, 2000. Along with X-Men, both films generated $60 million in home video sales each in their first week.[107] By this point, Gladiator had already sold 1.8 million DVD units, making it the fastest-selling DVD release.[108] By January 2001, it would go on to break The Matrix's record for becoming the top-selling DVD release, selling 3.5 million copies.[109] With over 5 million copies sold, the film would hold the record for being the best-selling DVD title of all time until Shrek surpassed it later that year.[110]

The DVD has since been released in several different extended and special edition versions. Special features for the Blu-ray Disc and DVDs include deleted scenes, trailers, documentaries, commentaries, storyboards, image galleries, Easter eggs, and cast auditions. The film was released on Blu-ray in September 2009, in a 2-disc edition containing both the theatrical and extended cuts of the film, as part of Paramount's "Sapphire Series" (Paramount acquired the rights to the film when it bought the DreamWorks library in 2006).[111] Initial reviews of the Blu-ray Disc release criticized poor image quality, leading many to call for it to be remastered, as Sony did with The Fifth Element in 2007.[112] A remastered version was later released in 2010.

The DVD editions that have been released since the original two-disc version, include a film-only single-disc edition as well as a three-disc "extended edition" DVD which was released in August 2005. The extended edition DVD features approximately fifteen minutes of additional scenes, most of which appear in the previous release as deleted scenes. The original cut, which Scott still calls his director's cut, is also selectable via seamless branching (which is not included on the UK edition). The DVD is also notable for having a new commentary track featuring director Scott and star Crowe. The film is on the first disc, the second one has a three-hour documentary into the making of the film by DVD producer Charles de Lauzirika, and the third disc contains supplements. Discs one and two of the three-disc extended edition were also repackaged and sold as a two-disc "special edition" in the EU in 2005. The film was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray by Paramount Home Media Distribution on May 15, 2018.[113]


Legacy


The film's mainstream success is responsible for an increased interest in Roman and classical history in the United States. According to The New York Times, this has been dubbed the "Gladiator Effect".

It's called the 'Gladiator' effect by writers and publishers. The snob in us likes to believe that it is always books that spin off movies. Yet in this case, it's the movies – most recently Gladiator two years ago – that have created the interest in the ancients. And not for more Roman screen colossals, but for writing that is serious or fun or both.[114]

The Cicero biography Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician and Gregory Hays's translation of Marcus Aurelius's Meditations received large spikes in sales after the release of the film.[114] The film also began a revival of the historical epic genre with films such as The Last Samurai, Troy, The Alamo, King Arthur, Alexander, 300 and its sequel 300: Rise of an Empire, Kingdom of Heaven, and Robin Hood (the last two were also directed by Scott).[115] The gladiator arena set piece from the 2002 film Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, which entered production shortly after the release of Gladiator, has been compared to the arena setting in the Scott film.[116][117][118]

The character of Maximus was placed 12th in the Total Film list of 50 best movie heroes and villains[119] and 35th in the Empire's 100 Greatest Movie Characters.[120] Maximus is also featured on 55c "Australian Legends" postage stamp series.[121] Russell Crowe attended a ceremony to mark the creation of the stamps.[121]


Future


In June 2001, developments for a Gladiator follow-up began in the form of potential for either a prequel or a sequel, with David Franzoni in early negotiations to once again serve as screenwriter.[122] The following year, a sequel was announced to be moving forward with John Logan serving as screenwriter. The plot, set fifteen years later, included the Praetorian Guards rule Rome and an older-aged Lucius searching for the truth about his biological father. Franzoni signed on as producer, alongside Douglas Wick, and Walter Parkes.[123] In December 2002, the film's plot was announced to include prequel events regarding the parentage of Lucius, as well as sequel events depicting the resurrection of Maximus. Producers and Russell Crowe collaboratively researched extensively, ancient Roman beliefs regarding the afterlife.[124] By September 2003, Scott announced that the script was completed, while confirming that the story would primarily center around the secret son of Maximus, being Lucius.[125]

In May 2006, Scott stated that while development on the project continues, the exact story to the film has yet to be figured out. The filmmaker stated that all creative minds that were involved with Gladiator, are working on how to continue from where the story left off. Scott stated that Crowe had favored a fantasy element with bringing Maximus back to life, while saying that he believed a grounded historical-fiction approach was the better option. While he believes the film will not be made, he confirmed the plan to reveal that Lucius is the son of Maximus and Lucilla while comparing the necessity of a more complex script with the corruption of Rome in the potential sequel.[126] During this time, Nick Cave was commissioned to write a new draft of the script. It was later revealed to be written under the working title of "Christ Killer". Cave described the plot as a "deities vs. deity vs. humanity" story. The premise involved Maximus in purgatory, who is resurrected as an immortal eternal warrior for the Roman gods. In the draft, Maximus is sent to Earth and tasked with stopping the momentum of Christianity by killing Jesus Christ and His disciples, as their movement was gradually siphoning off the power and vitality of the ancient Pagan gods. During his tasked mission, Maximus is tricked into murdering his own son. Cursed to live forever, Cave's script included Maximus fighting amongst the Crusades, WWII, and the Vietnam War; with the ending revealing that in the modern-day time period, the character now works at The Pentagon. The script was ultimately rejected and scrapped.[127][128][129][130]

In March 2017, Scott revealed that the difficulties of reintroducing Maximus, when the character is deceased, had been resolved. The filmmaker expressed enthusiasm for the future of the project, while discussions with Russell Crowe to reprise his role were ongoing.[131] In November 2018, it was announced that Paramount Pictures is officially green-lighting the development of a sequel. Scott was in early-negotiations to once again serve as director, with a script written by Peter Craig. Scott will additionally serve as producer alongside Doug Wick, Lucy Fisher, Walter Parkes, and Laurie MacDonald. The project will be a joint-venture production between Paramount, Scott Free Productions, and Parkes/MacDonald Productions with Universal as a co-financing partner.[132] By June 2019, producers stated: "...we wouldn't touch unless we felt in a way to do it was legitimate." In their interview, they also revealed that the current script takes place 25–30 years after the first film.[133] The plot will center around Lucius.[134]

In April 2021, Chris Hemsworth approached Crowe with a proposal to become involved with the project, with intention to co-produce the film. While working together on Thor: Love and Thunder, the two actors shared additional ideas for the film.[135] By September 2021, Scott stated that the script was once again being worked on with his intention being to direct the sequel upon the completion of production on his current project, Napoleon.[136]


See also



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Further reading




Wikiquote has quotations related to Gladiator (2000 film).

На других языках

- [en] Gladiator (2000 film)

[es] Gladiator

Gladiator (Gladiador en Hispanoamérica y Gladiator en España) es una película épica del género péplum y acción del año 2000 dirigida por Ridley Scott y protagonizada por Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix y Connie Nielsen. Crowe interpreta a Máximo Décimo Meridio, un leal general hispano del ejército del Imperio romano que es traicionado por Cómodo, el ambicioso hijo del emperador Marco Aurelio, quien ha asesinado a su padre y se ha hecho con el trono. Forzado a convertirse en esclavo, Máximo triunfa como gladiador mientras anhela vengar la muerte de su familia y la del emperador.

[ru] Гладиатор (фильм, 2000)

«Гладиатор» (англ. Gladiator) — исторический художественный фильм режиссёра Ридли Скотта, вышедший на экраны 1 мая 2000 года и награждённый пятью премиями «Оскар». Съёмочный период картины с 18 января по 29 мая 1999 года. Фильм стал последней работой в кино актёра Оливера Рида.


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