Anatole France (French:[anatɔl fʁɑ̃s]; born François-Anatole Thibault, [frɑ̃swa anatɔl tibo]; 16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924) was a French poet, journalist, and novelist with several best-sellers. Ironic and skeptical, he was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters[according to whom?]. He was a member of the Académie Française, and won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament".[1]
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Anatole France
Born
François-Anatole Thibault (1844-04-16)16 April 1844 Paris, France
Died
12 October 1924(1924-10-12) (aged80) Tours, France
Occupation
Novelist
Notable awards
Nobel Prize in Literature 1921
Signature
France is also widely believed to be the model for narrator Marcel's literary idol Bergotte in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time.[2]
Early years
The son of a bookseller, France, a bibliophile,[3] spent most of his life around books. His father's bookstore specialized in books and papers on the French Revolution and was frequented by many writers and scholars. France studied at the Collège Stanislas, a private Catholic school, and after graduation he helped his father by working in his bookstore.[4] After several years, he secured the position of cataloguer at Bacheline-Deflorenne and at Lemerre. In 1876, he was appointed librarian for the French Senate.[5]
Literary career
France began his literary career as a poet and a journalist. In 1869, Le Parnasse contemporain published one of his poems, "La Part de Madeleine". In 1875, he sat on the committee in charge of the third Parnasse contemporain compilation. As a journalist, from 1867, he wrote many articles and notices. He became known with the novel Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard (1881).[6] Its protagonist, skeptical old scholar Sylvester Bonnard, embodied France's own personality. The novel was praised for its elegant prose and won him a prize from the Académie Française.[7]
In La Rotisserie de la Reine Pedauque (1893) France ridiculed belief in the occult;[8] and in Les Opinions de Jérôme Coignard (1893), France captured the atmosphere of the fin de siècle. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1896.[9]
France took a part in the Dreyfus affair. He signed Émile Zola's manifesto supporting Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish army officer who had been falsely convicted of espionage.[10] France wrote about the affair in his 1901 novel Monsieur Bergeret.
France's later works include Penguin Island (L'Île des Pingouinscode: fra promoted to code: fr , 1908) which satirizes human nature by depicting the transformation of penguins into humans – after the birds have been baptized by mistake by the almost-blind Abbot Mael. It is a satirical history of France, starting in Medieval times, going on to the author's own time with special attention to the Dreyfus affair and concluding with a dystopian future. The Gods Are Athirst (Les dieux ont soif, 1912) is a novel, set in Paris during the French Revolution, about a true-believing follower of Maximilien Robespierre and his contribution to the bloody events of the Reign of Terror of 1793–94. It is a wake-up call against political and ideological fanaticism and explores various other philosophical approaches to the events of the time. The Revolt of the Angels (La Revolte des Angescode: fra promoted to code: fr , 1914) is often considered France's most profound and ironic novel. Loosely based on the Christian understanding of the War in Heaven, it tells the story of Arcade, the guardian angel of Maurice d'Esparvieu. Bored because Bishop d'Esparvieu is sinless, Arcade begins reading the bishop's books on theology and becomes an atheist. He moves to Paris, meets a woman, falls in love, and loses his virginity causing his wings to fall off, joins the revolutionary movement of fallen angels, and meets the Devil, who realizes that if he overthrew God, he would become just like God. Arcade realizes that replacing God with another is meaningless unless "in ourselves and in ourselves alone we attack and destroy Ialdabaoth." "Ialdabaoth", according to France, is God's secret name and means "the child who wanders".
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. He died in 1924 and is buried in the Neuilly-sur-Seine Old Communal Cemetery near Paris.
On 31 May 1922, France's entire works were put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of Prohibited Books") of the Catholic Church.[11] He regarded this as a "distinction".[12] This Index was abolished in 1966.
Personal life
In 1877, France married Valérie Guérin de Sauville, a granddaughter of Jean-Urbain Guérin, a miniaturist who painted Louis XVI.[13] Their daughter Suzanne was born in 1881 (and died in 1918).
France's relations with women were always turbulent, and in 1888 he began a relationship with Madame Arman de Caillavet, who conducted a celebrated literary salon of the Third Republic. The affair lasted until shortly before her death in 1910.[13]
After his divorce, in 1893, France had many liaisons, notably with a Madame Gagey, who committed suicide in 1911.[14]
In 1920, France married for the second time, to Emma Laprévotte.[15]
France was a socialist and an outspoken supporter of the 1917 Russian Revolution. In 1920, he gave his support to the newly founded French Communist Party.[16] In his book The Red Lily, France famously wrote, "The law, in its majestic equality, forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal loaves of bread."[17]
Reputation
The English writer George Orwell defended France and declared that his work remained very readable, and that "it is unquestionable that he was attacked partly from political motives".[18]
Works
Poetry
Les Légions de Varuscode: fra promoted to code: fr , poem published in 1867 in the Gazette rimée.
Poèmes doréscode: fra promoted to code: fr (1873)
Les Noces corinthiennescode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Bride of Corinth) (1876)
Prose fiction
Jocaste et le chat maigrecode: fra promoted to code: fr (Jocasta and the Famished Cat) (1879)
Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnardcode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard) (1881)
Les Désirs de Jean Serviencode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Aspirations of Jean Servien) (1882)
Abeillecode: fra promoted to code: fr (Honey-Bee) (1883)
Balthasarcode: fra promoted to code: fr (1889)
Thaïscode: fra promoted to code: fr (1890)
L'Étui de nacrecode: fra promoted to code: fr (Mother of Pearl) (1892)
La Rôtisserie de la reine Pédauquecode: fra promoted to code: fr (At the Sign of the Reine Pédauque) (1892)
Les Opinions de Jérôme Coignardcode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Opinions of Jerome Coignard) (1893)
Le Lys rougecode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Red Lily) (1894)
Le Puits de Sainte Clairecode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Well of Saint Clare) (1895)
L'Histoire contemporainecode: fra promoted to code: fr (A Chronicle of Our Own Times)
1: L'Orme du mailcode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Elm-Tree on the Mall)(1897)
2: Le Mannequin d'osiercode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Wicker-Work Woman) (1897)
3: L'Anneau d'améthystecode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Amethyst Ring) (1899)
4: Monsieur Bergeret à Pariscode: fra promoted to code: fr (Monsieur Bergeret in Paris) (1901)
Clio (1900)
Histoire comiquecode: fra promoted to code: fr (A Mummer's Tale) (1903)
Sur la pierre blanchecode: fra promoted to code: fr (The White Stone) (1905)
L'Affaire Crainquebillecode: fra promoted to code: fr (1901)
L'Île des Pingouinscode: fra promoted to code: fr (Penguin Island) (1908)
Les Contes de Jacques Tournebrochecode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Merrie Tales of Jacques Tournebroche) (1908)
Les Sept Femmes de Barbe bleue et autres contes merveilleuxcode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Seven Wives of Bluebeard and Other Marvelous Tales) (1909)
Bee The Princess of the Dwarfs (1912)
Les dieux ont soifcode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Gods Are Athirst) (1912)
La Révolte des angescode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Revolt of the Angels) (1914)
Margueritecode: fra promoted to code: fr (1920) illustrated by Fernand Siméon
Memoirs
Le Livre de mon amicode: fra promoted to code: fr (My Friend's Book) (1885)
Pierre Nozièrecode: fra promoted to code: fr (1899)
Le Petit Pierrecode: fra promoted to code: fr (Little Pierre) (1918)
La Vie en fleurcode: fra promoted to code: fr (The Bloom of Life) (1922)
Plays
Au petit bonheurcode: fra promoted to code: fr (1898)
Wikipedia contributors. "At the Sign of the Reine Pédauque." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 9 Jan. 2022. Web. 11 Jun. 2022.
Virtanen, Reino. Anatole France. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1968. (p. 88). PRINT.
Tekijä, jonka. “Anatole France (1844-1924)- pseudonym for Jacques Anatole Francois Thibault.” Authors’ Calendar. books and writers. http://authorscalendar.info/afrance.htm Accessed 11 June 2022.
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