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Nâzım Hikmet Ran (15 January 1902 – 3 June 1963),[3][4] commonly known as Nâzım Hikmet (Turkish: [naːˈzɯm hicˈmet] (listen)), was a Turkish-Polish poet, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, director, and memoirist. He was acclaimed for the "lyrical flow of his statements".[5][page needed] Described as a "romantic communist"[6][page needed] and "romantic revolutionary",[5][page needed] he was repeatedly arrested for his political beliefs and spent much of his adult life in prison or in exile. His poetry has been translated into more than fifty languages.

Nâzım Hikmet Ran
BornNâzım Hikmet
(1902-01-17)17 January 1902[1]
Salonica, Ottoman Empire
Died3 June 1963(1963-06-03) (aged 61)
Moscow, Soviet Union
Pen nameOrhan Selim, Ahmet Oğuz, Mümtaz Osman, Ercüment Er
OccupationPoet, playwright, memoirist, novelist, screenwriter, film director
LanguageTurkish
CitizenshipTurkey, Poland[2]
Signature

Family


According to Nâzım Hikmet, he was of paternal Turkish and maternal German, Polish, Georgian descent.[7][8][9] Nâzım Hikmet's mother came from a distinguished, cosmopolitan family with predominantly Circassian (Adyghe) roots,[10][11] along with high social position and relations to Polish nobility. From his father's side he had Turkish heritage.[12] His father, Hikmet Bey, was the son of Çerkes Nâzım Pasha (another Circassian),[13] after whom Nâzım Hikmet was named.

Nazım’s maternal grandfather, Hasan Enver Pasha, was the son of Polish-born Mustafa Celalettin Pasha and Saffet Hanım, daughter of Serbian Omar Pasha and Circassian Adviye Hanım the daughter of Çerkes Hafız Pasha. Mustafa Celalettin Pasha (born Konstanty Borzęcki herbu Półkozic) authored Les Turcs anciens et modernes (The Ancient and Modern Turks) in Istanbul, in 1869. This is considered one of the first works of national Turkist political thought.[11] Nâzım Hikmet's maternal grandmother, Leyla Hanım, was the daughter of Mehmet Ali Pasha, of French (Huguenot) and German origin, and Ayşe Sıdıka Hanım who was a daughter of Çerkes Hafız Paşa.[14] Nâzım Hikmet and Celile Hanım's cousins included Oktay Rifat Horozcu, a leading Turkish poet, and the statesman Ali Fuat Cebesoy, among others.[15]


Early life


Nâzım Hikmet in 1917, at the age of 15
Nâzım Hikmet in 1917, at the age of 15

Ran was born on 15 January 1902, in Selânik (Salonica), where his father was serving as an Ottoman government official.[3][4] He attended the Taşmektep Primary School in the Göztepe district of Istanbul and later enrolled in the junior high school section of the prestigious Galatasaray High School in the Beyoğlu district, where he began to learn French; however, in 1913, he was transferred to the Numune Mektebi in the Nişantaşı district. In 1918, he graduated from the Ottoman Naval School on Heybeliada, one of the Princes' Islands located in the Sea of Marmara. His school days coincided with a period of political upheaval, during which the Ottoman government entered the First World War, allying itself with Germany. For a brief period he was assigned as a naval officer to the Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye; however in 1919 he became seriously ill and, not being able to fully recover, was exempted from naval service in 1920.

In 1921, together with his friends Vâlâ Nureddin (Vâ-Nû), Yusuf Ziya Ortaç and Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel, he went to İnebolu in Anatolia in order to join the Turkish War of Independence; from there he (together with Vâlâ Nûreddin) walked to Ankara, where the Turkish liberation movement was headquartered. In Ankara they were introduced to Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) who wanted the two friends to write a poem that would invite and inspire Turkish volunteers in Istanbul and elsewhere to join their struggle. This poem was much appreciated, and Muhittin Bey (Birgen) decided to appoint them as teachers to the Sultani (high-college) in Bolu, rather than sending them to the front as soldiers. However, their communist views were not appreciated by the conservative officials in Bolu, and so the two decided to go to Batumi in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic to witness the results of the Russian Revolution of 1917, arriving there on 30 September 1921. In July 1922, the two friends went to Moscow, where Ran studied Economics and Sociology at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in the early 1920s. There, he was influenced by the artistic experiments of Vladimir Mayakovsky and Vsevolod Meyerhold, as well as the ideological vision of Lenin.[6]


Style and achievements


Despite writing his first poems in syllabic meter, Nazım Hikmet distinguished himself from the "syllabic poets" in concept. With the development of his poetic conception, the narrow forms of syllabic verse became too limiting for his style and he set out to seek new forms for his poems.

He was influenced by the young Soviet poets who advocated Futurism. On his return to Turkey, he became the charismatic leader of the Turkish avant-garde, producing streams of innovative poems, plays and film scripts.[6] In Moscow in 1922, breaking the boundaries of syllabic meter, he changed his form and began writing in free verse.[16]

He has been compared by Turkish and non-Turkish men of letters to such figures as Federico García Lorca, Louis Aragon, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Pablo Neruda. Although Ran's work bears a resemblance to these poets and owes them occasional debts of form and stylistic device, his literary personality is unique in terms of the synthesis he made of iconoclasm and lyricism, of ideology and poetic diction.[5]:19

Many of his poems have been set to music by the Turkish composer Zülfü Livaneli and Cem Karaca. A part of his work has been translated into Greek by Yiannis Ritsos, and some of these translations have been arranged by the Greek composers Manos Loizos and Thanos Mikroutsikos.

Because of his political views his works were banned in Turkey from 1938 to 1965.[17]


Later life and legacy


Ran's imprisonment in the 1940s became a cause célèbre among intellectuals worldwide; a 1949 committee that included Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, and Jean-Paul Sartre campaigned for his release.[18]

Nâzım Hikmet
Nâzım Hikmet

On 8 April 1950, Ran began a hunger strike in protest against the Turkish parliament's failure to include an amnesty law in its agenda before it closed for the upcoming general election. He was then transferred from the prison in Bursa, first to the infirmary of Sultanahmet Jail in Istanbul, and later to Paşakapısı Prison.[19] Seriously ill, Ran suspended his strike on 23 April, the National Sovereignty and Children's Day. His doctor's request to treat him in hospital for three months was refused by officials. So, as his imprisonment status had not changed, he resumed his hunger strike on the morning of 2 May.[18]

Ran's hunger strike caused a stir throughout the country. Petitions were signed and a magazine named after him was published. His mother, Celile, began a hunger strike on 9 May, followed by renowned Turkish poets Orhan Veli, Melih Cevdet and Oktay Rıfat the next day. In light of the new political situation after the 1950 Turkish general election, held on 14 May, the strike was ended five days later, on 19 May, Turkey's Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day, he was finally released through a general amnesty law enacted by the new government.[18]

On 22 November 1950, the World Council of Peace announced that Nazım Hikmet Ran was among the recipients of the International Peace Prize, along with Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, Wanda Jakubowska and Pablo Neruda.[18]

Later on, Ran escaped from Turkey to Romania on a ship via the Black Sea, and from there moved to the USSR. Because in the Soviet bloc the only recognized Turkish minority existed in communist Bulgaria, the poet's books were immediately brought out in this country, both in Turkish originals[20] and Bulgarian translations.[21] The communist authorities in Bulgaria celebrated him in Turkish and Bulgarian publications as 'a poet of liberty and peace.'[22] The goal was to discredit Turkey presented as a 'lackey of the imperialist' United States in the eyes of Bulgaria's Turkish minority,[23] many of whom desired to leave for or were expelled to Turkey in 1950–1953.[24]

When the EOKA struggle broke out in Cyprus, Ran believed that the population of Cyprus would be able to live together peacefully, and called on the Cypriot Turks to support the Greek Cypriots' demand for an end to British rule and Union with Greece (Enosis).[25][26][27] Hikmet drew negative reaction from Cyprus Turkish community due to his opinions.[28]

Persecuted for decades by the Republic of Turkey during the Cold War for his communist views, Ran died of a heart attack in Moscow on 3 June 1963 at 6.30 am while picking up a morning newspaper at the door of his summer house in Peredelkino, far away from his beloved homeland.[29] He is buried in Moscow's Novodevichy Cemetery, where his tomb is still a place of pilgrimage for Turks and others from around the world. His final wish, never carried out, was to be buried under a plane-tree (platanus) in any village cemetery in Anatolia.[citation needed]

His poems depicting the people of the countryside, villages, towns and cities of his homeland (Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları, i.e. Human Landscapes from my Country), as well as the Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı Destanı, i.e. The Epic of the War of Independence), and the Turkish revolutionaries (Kuvâyi Milliye, i.e. Force of the Nation) are considered among the greatest literary works of Turkey.[citation needed]

Following his death, the Kremlin ordered the publication of the poet's first-ever Turkish-language collected works in communist Bulgaria, where at that time a large and still recognized Turkish national minority existed. The eight volumes of these collected works, Bütün eserleri, appeared at Sofia between 1967 and 1972, that is, in the very last years of the existence of the Turkish minority educational and publishing system in Bulgaria.[30]

The first-ever collected works of the Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet, published in communist Bulgaria
The first-ever collected works of the Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet, published in communist Bulgaria
Frontispiece of Volume 1 of the first-ever collected works of the Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet
Frontispiece of Volume 1 of the first-ever collected works of the Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet

Ran had Polish and Turkish citizenship.[2] The latter was revoked in 1959, and restored in 2009.[31][32] His family has been asked if they want his remains repatriated from Russia.[33]



Patronage


During the 1940s, as he was serving his sentence at Bursa Prison, he used to paint. There, he met a young inmate named İbrahim Balaban. Ran discovered Balaban's talent in drawing, gave all his paint and brushes to him, and encouraged him to continue with painting. Ran influenced the peasant, and educated him, who had finished only a three-grade village school, in forming his own ideas in the fields of philosophy, sociology, economics and politics. Ran admired Balaban much, and referred to him in a letter to the novelist Kemal Tahir as "his peasant painter" (Turkish: Köylü ressam). Their contact remained also after they were released from the prison.[34][35]


Selected works



"I Come and Stand at Every Door"


Ran's poem "Kız Çocuğu" ("The Girl Child") conveys a plea for peace from a seven-year-old girl, ten years after she has perished in the atomic bomb attack at Hiroshima. It has achieved popularity as an anti-war message and has been performed as a song by a number of singers and musicians both in Turkey and worldwide; it is also known in English by various other titles, including "I Come and Stand at Every Door", "I Unseen" and "Hiroshima Girl".[36]


Turkish


Bengali


Greek


English

The song was later covered by


Japanese

In 2005, famous Amami Ōshima singer Chitose Hajime collaborated with Ryuichi Sakamoto by translating "Kız Çocuğu" into Japanese, retitling it Shinda Onna no Ko [死んだ女の子] "A dead girl"). It was performed live at the Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima on the eve of the 60th Anniversary (5 August 2005) of Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The song later appeared as a bonus track on Chitose's album Hanadairo in 2006.


Nepali

Some of Ran's poems are translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel and are published in print and online literary journals.[42][43]


On the soldier worth 23 cents


How do you propose to get it? Do you want to get it through the cooperation of Turkey where the men in the ranks get 23 cents a month the first year and 32 cents the second year, or do you want to get an American division and equip it and send it over to Turkey which would cost you 10 times as much?

John Foster Dulles, U.S. Secretary of State, 1955

He also opposed the Korean War, in which Turkey participated. After the Senate address of John Foster Dulles, who served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, where he valued Turkish soldiers at 23 cents a month[44] compared with the lowest echelon U.S. soldiers at $70,[45] Nazım Hikmet Ran wrote a protest poem criticising the policies of the United States. This poem is titled "23 Sentlik Askere Dair" (On the soldier worth 23 cents).




Bibliography



Plays



Ballet libretto



Novels



Poems



Poetry



Partial list of translated works in English



Partial list of translated works in other languages



See also



References


  1. "Nazım Hikmet'in doğum günü yanlış biliniyormuş" [Nazım Hikmet's birthday is known (to be) wrong] (in Turkish). 1 July 2011. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  2. Zalega, Dariusz (13 July 2008). "Zalega - Pióro jak dynamit - lewica.pl" [Remains: Feather like dynamite]. lewica.pl (in Polish). Polish Section of the Communist International (Stalinowsko-Hodżystowskiej). Archived from the original on 15 July 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  3. "Nazim Hikmet - Turkish author". Britannica. 29 May 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  4. "NÂZIM HİKMET". Retrieved 22 December 2016. Note: 403 Forbidden error received 10 October 2022.
  5. Selected poems, Nazim Hikmet translated by Ruth Christie, Richard McKane, Talat Sait Halman, Anvil press Poetry, 2002, p.9 ISBN 0-85646-329-9, 9780856463297OCLC 49356123
  6. Saime Goksu, Edward Timms, Romantic Communist: The Life and Work of Nazim Hikmet, St. Martin's Press, New York ISBN 0-312-22247-5, 9780312222475 OCLC 40417757
  7. "Vera tulyakova hikmet nazım la son söyleşimiz". www.issuu.com. Hüseyin Şenol. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  8. Hikmet, Vera Tulyakova (1989). Nâzımʾla söyleşi [Interview with Nâzım] (in Turkish). Istanbul: Cem Yayınevi. p. 257. ISBN 9789754060737. OCLC 21231691.
  9. Akgül, Hikmet (2002). Nâzım Hikmet: siyasi biyografi [Nâzım Hikmet: political biography] (in Turkish). Istanbul: Çiviyazilari. p. 50. ISBN 9789758663187. OCLC 50540950 via Google Books.
  10. Gündem, Mehmet (6 October 2004). "Atatürk'ü Samsun'da koruyanlar Çerkez'di". Milliyet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  11. Guillet, Marc (15 January 2012). "Nâzım Hikmet's Tea Garden in Kadıköy". Enjoy-Istanbul.com. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  12. Tulyakova Hikmet, Vera (1989). Nâzım'la Söyleşi (in Turkish). Translated by Behramoğlu, Ataol. Cem Yayınevi.
  13. Lussu, Joyce. "Nazim Hikmet". Casa della poesia. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  14. Kalyoncu, Cemal A. (12 September 2005). "Atatürk ile Paşaların arasını açmak istediler" [Desired to drive a wedge between Atatürk and pashas]. Aksiyon (in Turkish). Istanbul: Feza Publications. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  15. Çilek, Özgür (18 February 2001). "Nâzım'ın gen haritası" [Nâzım’s gene map]. Hürriyet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  16. Blasing, Mutlu Konuk (2010). "Nazim Hikmet and Ezra Pound: "To Confess Wrong without Losing Rightness"". Journal of Modern Literature. 33 (2): 8. doi:10.2979/jml.2010.33.2.1. ISSN 0022-281X. JSTOR 10.2979/jml.2010.33.2.1. S2CID 162349806.
  17. mphillips (22 September 2015). "Poetry's Place in the History of Banned Books". Poetry's Place in the History of Banned Books. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  18. "Nazım Hikmet". Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  19. "Life Story -5". Nazım Hikmet Ran. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  20. Nazim Hikmet. 1951. Secilmis siirler [Selected Poems] (translated by Ludmil Stoyanof Людмил Стоянов). Sofia: BKP
  21. Назъм Хикмет Nazim Hikmet. 1952. Стихотворения Stikhotvoreniia [Poems] (translated by Nikolai Tsonev Николай Цонев). Sofia: Bulgarski pisatel
  22. Kamilef, H [Кямилев, X]. 1953. Nazim Hikmet - hurriyet ve baris sarkicisi [Nazim Hikmet: A Singer of Liberty and Peace] (translated from the Bulgarian into Turkish by Suleyman Hafizoglu). Sofia: BKP; Кямилев, Х. [Kiamilev, Kh]. 1953. Назъм Хикмет, певец на свободата и мира Nazim Khikmet, pevets na svobadata i mira [Nazim Hikmet: A Singer of Liberty and Peace] (translated from the Russian into Bulgarian by Кругер Милованов Krugev Milovanov]. Sofia: BKP.
  23. Димитрова, Блага Николова [Dimitrova, Blaga Nikolova]. 1952. Назъм Хикмет в България : Пътепис Nazim Khikmet v Bulgariia: Putepis [Nazim Hikmet in Bulgaria: Travels]. Sofia: Bulgarski pisatel; Dimitrova, Blaga [Димитрова, Блага]. 1955. Nazim Hikmet Bulgaristanda: Yolculuk notlari [Nazim Hikmet in Bulgaria: Travel Notes] (translated from the Bulgarian into Turkish by Huseyin Karahasan. Sofia: Naorodna prosveta.
  24. Kostanick, Huey. 1957. Turkish resettlement of Bulgarian Turks, 1950–1953 (Ser: University of California Publications in Geography, Vol 8, No 2). Berkeley : University of California Press
  25. Greek newspaper I Avgi, 17 January 1955 and Phileleftheros, 31 March 2007:
    Ran sent a message to the Turks of Cyprus emphasizing that Cyprus was always Greek. [...] (The Turkish Cypriots) must support the Greek Cypriots' struggle for liberation from British imperialism. [...] Only when the British imperialists leave the island will its Turkish residents be truly free. [...] Those who encourage Turks to oppose Greeks actually only support the interest of the foreign ruler.
  26. "Bloody Truth pg.218" (PDF). Movement For Justice And Freedom in Cyprus.
  27. Hürsöz newspaper (in Turkish). 28 August 1951. Berlin Solcu Gençlik Festivali münasebetiyle Stalin uşağı komünist şair Nazım Hikmet, Kıbrıslılara şu mesajı göndermektedir: ‘Kıbrıslı Rum ve Türk kardeşlerim! Aynı güzel adanın insanlarısınız! Adanızı İngiliz boyunduruğundan uzak tutunuz. Türk, Rum, Kıbrıslı kardeşlerim- hepiniz el ele vererek Kıbrısın hürriyetini kazanmak için mücadele ediniz.’ (Bu Türk vatandaşlığından iskat edilen Stalin uşağı, Kıbrıs’ın hürriyetini adanın Yunanistan’a ilhakında mı buluyor. Yazıklar olsun!.) Bir basın toplantısında komünist şair 17 sene zındanda kaldığını -ne bir casus ve ne de vatanın bir düşmanı olduğunu; kendi halkını sevdiği için onun ekmeğini ve suyunu temin etmek hususunda mücadele ettiğini ve kendisini bu sebepten dolayı hapsettiklerini söylemiştir… Berlinde solcu gençler festivalinde aynı gazetenin bildirdiğine göre, Kıbrıs’ın Yunanistan’a ilhakı için temennilerde bulunulmuştur. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. Alasya, H. Fikret (9 October 1951). "Veyl kızıl şaire". Halkın Sesi newspaper (in Turkish). Kızıl uşak Nazım Hikmet Kızıl cennete göçtükten ve Türkiye Cumhuriyet Hükümeti tarafından vatandaşlıktan iskat edildikten sonra Kıbrıslılara ‘Kıbrıslı Rum ve Türk kardeşlerim’ diye başlayan bir mektup göndermiş ve Rumlarla Türkleri isyana teşvik etmiştir… Kıbrıs’ın 1571’de Türkler tarafından zaptını müteakip Türkiye’nin muhtelif vilayetlerinden Kıbrıs’a mecburi göç ettirilen 5720 hane halkı ile Kıbrıs seferine iştirak eden gazilerle Türkiye’den gönderilen kızların evlenip yuva kurmaları ile ortaya çıkan Türk nüfusu, bu tarihten itibaren Anavatanın bütün hareketlerini adım adım takip etmiştir… bir Kızılın sözlerine kıymet verecek kadar şuursuz ve milliyetsiz değildir… Onun bu hitabına Komünist Rum yoldaşları bir işaret olarak bakabilirler ve belki buna göre hareket tarzlarını tanzim edebilirler fakat Türkler asla!…
  29. "Nazim Hikmet". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  30. Nâzım Hikmet. 1967-1972. Bütün eserleri [Collected Works] (8 vols, edited by Ekber Babaef {Babaev}, illustrated by Abidin Dino). Sofia: Narodna prosveta. OCLC Number: 84081921.
  31. "Nazım'la ilgili girişim iade-i itibar değil". CNN Turk (in Turkish). 10 January 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  32. "Nazım Hikmet Ran'ın Türk Vatandaşlığından Çıkarılmasına İlişkin 25/7/1951 Tarihli ve 3/13401 Sayılı Bakanlar Kurulu Kararının Yürürlükten Kaldırılması Hakkında Karar" (Press release) (in Turkish). Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü. 10 January 2009. 2009/14540. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  33. "Nazım yeniden Türk vatandaşı oluyor". Radikal (in Turkish). 5 January 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  34. "İbrahim Balaban celebrates six decades of art in latest exhibition". Today's Zaman. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  35. Genç, Türkan (8 April 2012). "Bursa: Tarihin İçinde Zamanın Ötesinde - Şair Baba Nazım'ın Köylü Ressamı: İbrahim Babaan" (in Turkish). Time Out Bursa. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  36. "Talking History". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  37. Fazil Say: Kız Cocuğu on YouTube
  38. http://www.stixoi.info/stixoi.php?info=Albums&act=details&album_id=2635
  39. Seeger describes the story behind his version of the song in his Where Have All the Flowers Gone: A Singer's Stories, Songs, Seeds, Robberies (A Musical Autobiography) (1993): "In the late '50s I got a letter: 'Dear Pete Seeger: I've made what I think is a singable translation of a poem by the Turkish poet, Nazim Hikmet. Do you think you could make a tune for it? (Signed), Jeanette Turner.' I tried for a week. Failed. Meanwhile, I couldn't get out of my head an extraordinary melody put together by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology student who had put a new tune to a mystical ballad The Great Silkie from the Shetland Islands north of Scotland. Without his permission I used his melody for Hikmet's words. It was wrong of me. I should have gotten his permission. But it worked. The Byrds made a good recording of it, electric guitars and all."
  40. "Pete Seeger Marks 68th Anniversary of Hiroshima Bombing By Singing..." YouTube. 9 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  41. "Harvey Andrews – Harvey Andrews (1965, Vinyl)". Discogs. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  42. Hikmet, Nazim (April 2015), Momila (ed.), translated by Suman Pokhrel, "हृदयरोग (Angina Pectoris)", Kalashree, Kathmandu, Nepal: Nepali Kala Sahitya Dot Com Pratisthan, 5 (5): 352
  43. Hikmet, Nazim (22 October 2016). "मैले थाहा नपाएका मलाई मनपर्ने चिजहरू (Things I Didn'T Know I Loved)". setopati.com. Translated by Suman Pokhrel. सेतोपाटी. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  44. United States Congress. Senate Committee on Appropriations (1955). Legislative-judiciary Appropriations. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 87.
  45. United States Congress, Committee on Foreign Relations (1951). Mutual Security Act of 1951. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 60.
  46. Sofia Rotaru and children's chorus — We'll Give the Globe to the Children on YouTube
  47. "Ultra Bra - Works - MusicBrainz".
  48. "Mnemosyne's Memes".
  49. "Juha Siro - Mitä tapahtuu todella - Kirjallisuus- ja kulttuuriblogi » Hirsipuussa vastustajat hiljenee".
  50. "(n.t.) Revista Literária em Tradução - Edições" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  51. Akhmatova, Anna; Świrszczyńska, Anna; Ginsberg, Allen; Agustini, Delmira; Farrokhzad, Forough; Mistral, Gabriela; Jacques, Jacques; Mahmoud, Mahmoud; Al-Malaika, Nazik; Hikmet, Nazim; Qabbani, Nizar; Paz, Octavio; Neruda, Pablo; Plath, Sylvia; Amichai, Yehuda (2018). Manpareka Kehi Kavita मनपरेका केही कविता [Some Poems of My Choice] (Print) (in Nepali). Translated by Pokhrel, Suman (First ed.). Kathmandu: Shikha Books. p. 174. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
  52. Tripathi, Geeta (2018). अनुवादमा 'मनपरेका केही कविता' [Manpareka Kehi Kavita in Translation]. Kalashree. pp. 358–359. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)



На других языках


- [en] Nâzım Hikmet

[es] Nâzım Hikmet

Nazım Hikmet Ran (Salónica, Imperio otomano, 15 de enero de 1902-Moscú, 3 de junio de 1963) fue un poeta y dramaturgo turco, considerado en Occidente el poeta más importante en lengua turca del siglo XX. Sus obras han sido traducidas a numerosos idiomas. Largamente exiliado de su país de origen a causa de su militancia comunista, murió en 1963 como ciudadano polaco.

[fr] Nâzım Hikmet

Nâzım Hikmet Ran (prononcé [na:.ˈzɯm hicˈmet]), né le 21 novembre 1901[1],[2] à Salonique, et mort le 3 juin 1963 à Moscou, est un poète turc, puis citoyen polonais, longtemps exilé à l'étranger pour avoir été membre du Parti communiste de Turquie.

[ru] Назым Хикмет

Назы́м Хикме́т Ран (тур. Nâzım Hikmet Ran; 20 января 1902, Салоники — 3 июня 1963, Москва)[6][7] — турецкий поэт, прозаик, сценарист, драматург и общественный деятель. Основоположник турецкой революционной поэзии. Коммунист с 1922 года. Описанный как «романтический коммунист»[8] и «романтический революционер»[9], он неоднократно был арестован за свои политические убеждения и провёл бо́льшую часть своей взрослой жизни в тюрьме или в изгнании[10]. Лауреат Международной премии Мира (1950).



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